施氮和增雨对内蒙古半干旱地区草原土壤微生物群落碳源利用潜力的影响

已有许多研究证明,中国北方草地生态系统的植物群落结构和组成对气候变化和氮沉降较为敏感,但是关于草原土壤微生物群落响应多重环境因子变化方面的研究较薄弱。水和氮是陆地生态系统生产力的两大限制性因子。本研究在内蒙古多伦半干旱草原地区进行增雨和施氮的野外控制试验,以模拟未来该地区的降水变化和氮沉降,使用微生物群落水平生理图谱法,监测样地土壤理化指标和土壤微生物群落碳源利用潜力的变化。3年的跟踪监测结果显示:增雨显著提高了半干旱草原地区土壤含水量和有机质含量;施氮和增雨同时施氮则显著提高了土壤可溶性氮含量,降低了土壤pH;施氮和增雨都没有单独引起土壤微生物群落碳源利用潜力的显著变化,而在同时增雨和施氮试验处理下,微生物群落碳源利用潜力得到提高,说明在水和氮都充足的条件下,土壤微生物碳源利用潜力才会显著提高。以上研究结果预示着在未来降雨增加和氮沉降的全球变化背景下,中国北方半干旱草地生态系统的碳循环速率可能会加快。     

封育对退化草原植被恢复及土壤理化性质影响的研究进展

封育是退化草原生态系统恢复的有效措施之一。在梳理现有封育研究成果的基础上,归纳封育对植物多样性、生物量、植被演替、土壤物理与化学性状的影响效应,发现:受地理区域、气候条件及封育前退化程度等本底条件的影响,封育条件下植被多样性呈现出显著增加、基本稳定和明显下降3种结果,生物量则表现为围封初期增加,围封时间过长不利于维持较高生物量的变化趋势;封育使得种群拓殖能力与群落资源冗余,土壤种子库结构改善、密度增长,退化草原呈正向演替,并可能出现3种演替模式。封育消除了土壤紧实层,改善了土壤结构与性状,但对土壤养分的影响效应不一致。基于研究现状,提出今后应深入研究的6个内容与方向,对丰富封育条件下退化草原恢复效应具有指导意义。     

Drivers of nitrous oxide fluxes from the semi-arid Leymus chinensis grassland in Inner Mongolia,China

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) flux in the semi-arid Leymus chinensis (Trin.) Tzvel. grassland in Inner Mongolia, China was measured for two years (from January 2005 to December 2006) with the enclosed chamber technique. The measurements were made twice per month in the growing season and once per month in the non-growing season. To evaluate the effect of aboveground vegetation on N₂O emission, the ecosystem N₂O flux over the grassland was measured, and concurrently soil N₂O flux was measured after the removal of all the aboveground biomass. The possible effect of water-heat factors on N₂O fluxes was statistically examined. The ecosystem N₂O flux ranged from 0.21 to 0.26?kg nitrous oxide-nitrogen (N₂O–N) ha^{? 1} year^{? 1}, indicating that the Leymus chinensis grassland of Inner Mongolia was a source for the atmospheric N₂O. There was no significant difference between the ecosystem N₂O flux and the soil N₂O flux. The ecosystem N₂O flux was under similar environmental control as the soil N₂O flux. Soil moisture was the primary driving factor of the N₂O fluxes in the growing season of both years; the changes in water–filled pore space (WFPS) of soil surface layers could explain 45–67% of the variations in N₂O fluxes. The high seasonal variation of the N₂O fluxes in the growing seasons was regulated by the distribution of effective rainfall, rather than the precipitation intensity. While in the non-growing season, the N₂O fluxes were restricted much more by air temperature or soil temperature, and 83–85% of the variations of the N₂O fluxes were induced by changes in temperature conditions.     

Nitrous oxide emissions and nitrogen cycling in managed grassland in Southern Hokkaido,Japan

Abstract

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions were measured and nitrogen (N) budgets were estimated for 2?years in the fertilizer, manure, control and bare plots established in a reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) grassland in Southern Hokkaido, Japan. In the manure plot, beef cattle manure with bark was applied at a rate of 43–44?Mg fresh matter (236–310?kg?N)?ha^?1?year^?1, and a supplement of chemical fertilizer was also added to equalize the application rate of mineral N to that in the fertilizer plots (164–184?kg?N?ha^?1?year^?1). Grass was harvested twice per year. The total mineral N supply was estimated as the sum of the N deposition, chemical fertilizer application and gross mineralization of manure (GMm), soil (GMs), and root-litter (GMl). GMm, GMs and GMl were estimated by dividing the carbon dioxide production derived from the decomposition of soil organic matter, root-litter and manure by each C?:?N ratio (11.1 for soil, 15.5 for root-litter and 23.5 for manure). The N uptake in aboveground biomass for each growing season was equivalent to or greater than the external mineral N supply, which is composed of N deposition, chemical fertilizer application and GMm. However, there was a positive correlation between the N uptake in aboveground biomass and the total mineral N supply. It was assumed that 58% of the total mineral N supply was taken up by the grass. The N supply rates from soil and root-litter were estimated to be 331–384?kg?N?ha^?1?year^?1 and 94–165?kg?N?ha^?1?year^?1, respectively. These results indicated that the GMs and GMl also were significant inputs in the grassland N budget. The cumulative N₂O flux for each season showed a significant positive correlation with mineral N surplus, which was calculated as the difference between the total mineral N supply and N uptake in aboveground biomass. The emission factor of N₂O to mineral N surplus was estimated to be 1.2%. Furthermore, multiple regression analysis suggested that the N₂O emission factor increased with an increase in precipitation. Consequently, soil and root-litter as well as chemical fertilizer and manure were found to be major sources of mineral N supply in the grassland, and an optimum balance between mineral N supply and N uptake is required for reducing N₂O emission.     

Implications of soil substrate and land use for properties of fen soils in North-East Germany Part III: Soil quality for grassland use

Abstract

The aim of the study was to analyse aspects of fen soil quality for grassland use with regard to the different topsoil structure and their status of earthification/moorshification (degradation). Fifty fens of different origin, structural status and land use intensity were sampled, analysed and scored by different methods: Visual Soil Assessment, Peerlkamp test and Muencheberg Soil Quality Rating. Suitable soil structure scores were found at different land use intensities with the exception of stock tracks on pastures. These had lower water and air permeability and lower soil strength. Highest visual scores of macrostructure were found where the water table was deeper; while highest overall soil quality scores occurred where the water table was optimum. The accelerated status of moorshification had no effect on the soil quality scores and on the crop yield. At lower levels of soil development (earthification) the crop yield was slightly lower due to higher proportions of inedible plants. It may be concluded that degraded peat soils will have no loss of soil quality and have relatively high soil quality for grassland use if the water table can be managed in a suitable range and the sward quality is maintained.     

半干旱地区草地生态系统的潜水依赖性模拟

针对半干旱地区复杂的水分条件,从水循环整体的角度出发,通过水循环模拟与植物生长模拟,探索地表植被与潜水的关系。以通辽市平原区的主要植被类型草地为研究对象,选取草地干物质产量作为反映草地植被生长状况的指标,通过分析该指标对降水和地下水变化的响应,阐明地表生态系统对地下水的依赖性。结果表明,枯水年草地生态系统稳定的适宜地下水埋深应在2.0～2.2 m之间;平水年草地干物质产量比枯水年增加13.0%～47.8%,说明降水是影响半干旱地区生态系统稳定的重要因素;无潜水支持条件下,枯水年的草地干物质产量比多年平均值减产11.0%～14.7%,而平水年仅减产3.8%～5.9%,可见降水的丰枯变化影响着草地的潜水依赖程度。     

伊犁河谷坡面管理措施对表层土壤储水和草被恢复的影响

研究不同坡面土壤水分变化和草地植被生长状况,可为退化草地恢复管理提供参考。通过监测灰钙土和棕红土两种土壤类型坡面表层土壤水分和植被生长状况,分析了枯草覆盖、水平沟、增渗孔、补灌等不同坡面管理措施对草被恢复的影响,结果表明:降雨量越大,各处理表层土壤含水量的增幅越大,恢复到稳定状态的时间越长,最长可达22天;综合3场不同量级的降雨来看,降雨后水平沟处理拦蓄雨水的效果最好,其土壤含水量在灰钙土坡面上较对照高1.8百分点,在棕红土坡面上较对照高8.3百分点;降雨后表层土壤含水量恢复到稳定状态期间,枯草覆盖处理表层土壤含水量与对照差异最大,在灰钙土上高0.8百分点,在棕红土上高2.9百分点;两种土壤类型上,几种坡面管理措施均对草地植物生长有显著影响,其中效果最好的是枯草覆盖,与对照相比,灰钙土坡面植被覆盖度提高了33.9百分点、地上生物量提高了257.6%,棕红土坡面植被覆盖度提高了41.6百分点、地上生物量提高了67.3%。采取适当的坡面管理措施,可促进草地植物的生长,实现退化草地的生态修复。     

内蒙古鄂托克旗天然草地植被生态需水量研究

开展天然草地植被生态需水量研究,对维持草地系统生态健康和可持续发展意义重大。该研究以干旱风沙草原区鄂托克旗为研究对象,基于联合国粮农组织推荐的Penman-Monteith公式及美国农业部土壤保持局推荐的有效降水量计算方法,对各草地类型的生态需水量和生态缺水量进行计算,并对不同类型天然草地生态需水和降雨资源之间的平衡关系进行分析。结果表明:全旗全年生态需水量在丰水年为2.94×10~9m~3、平水年为3.07×10~9 m~3、枯水年为3.10×10~9m~3;全旗生态缺水量在丰水年为2.72×10~8m~3、平水年为5.00×10~8m~3、枯水年为1.15×10~9m~3。草地中生态需水量由大到小依次为温性荒漠草原类、温性草原化荒漠类、低地草甸类、温性荒漠类、温性草原类。在整个生长季中,鄂托克旗各草地类型生态需水在3、6、10月为盈余状态,其余月份均为严重亏缺状态。鄂托克旗草地生态系统整体处于水分亏缺状态,尤其是惠农站代表区,在枯水年水分亏缺指数超过50%。低地草甸类草地缺水程度较严重,建议在该类型草地分布范围内发展人工草地,温性草原化荒漠类草地缺水程度较轻,建议在鄂托克旗适当发展。研究结果可为区域草地水资源高效利用和退化草原系统恢复重建提供理论依据。     

盐碱草甸植被退化对土壤硝化作用强度的影响

为了解不同退化阶段盐碱草甸草原土壤硝化作用强度特征及其影响因素,采用空间代替时间的方法,以松嫩平原盐碱草甸草原植被退化过程中4种典型植物群落为对象,以未做处理为参照,设置刈割、施氮和刈割同时施氮3种处理,测定了土壤的硝化作用强度(NI)、pH值、电导率(EC)、含水量(SMC)和有效磷(OP)、硝态氮(NO^-₃-N)、铵态氮(NH+4-N)及全氮(TN)的含量。结果显示:(1)土壤NI与pH值、电导率、含水量、OP和NO^-₃-N呈极显著正相关关系(p<0.01);通过逐步回归分析的方法得出土壤NI的重要影响因子,重要影响因子对土壤NI影响强弱表现为:pH值>有效磷含量>含水量>硝态氮含量,并推断土壤硝态氮含量可作为土壤NI的一个重要表征参数。(2)未作处理时,星星草群落与碱蓬群落土壤硝化作用强度分别为13.4,13.5 mg/(kg·h),显著高于羊草群落和退化羊草群落的5.0,2.5 mg/(kg·h),刈割和施氮处理分别使星星草群落土壤NI提高96.88%,253.77%,混合处理使其提高413.70%,显著高于其他3种植物群落,由此可见,在人为刈割和施氮肥的干预下,星星草群落土壤铵态氮可能更易转变为硝态氮,氮素流失的风险也更大,因此可认为星星草群落处于盐碱草甸退化过程中的关键阶段。     

工程扰动对黄土抗蚀性与抗冲性的影响

为研究工程扰动对黄土抗蚀性和抗冲性的影响,以兰州市城关区北山为研究区,选取1年填方样地(T1a)、5年填方样地(T5a)、7年挖方样地(W7a)和天然草地(C)4个样地采集原状土样,在室内使用干筛—湿筛法测定土壤团聚体相关指标研究土壤抗蚀性,用抗冲槽研究土壤抗冲性,并分析了影响土壤抗蚀性和抗冲性的因素。结果表明,各样地表层(0—10 cm)土壤水稳性团聚体的平均质量直径(MWD_w)和0.25 mm团聚体占比(w_((δ0.25)w))表现为CW7aT5aT1a,土壤团聚体破坏率(PAD)表现为T1aT5aW7aC,挖填方样地表层土壤水稳性团聚体颗粒分形维数(D_w)均值为2.82,C样地D_w为2.74,C样地表层土壤的抗蚀性显著强于挖填方样地;T5a和W7a样地中下层土壤(10—20,20—30 cm)MWD_w和w_((δ0.25)w)显著低于表层土壤;各样地表层土壤抗冲系数为W7aCT5aT1a, W7a和C样地的值较为接近。影响土壤抗蚀性与抗冲性的主要因素有土壤电导率、有机质和根系,土壤生物结皮也会影响土壤抗冲性。这些影响因素与挖填方样地搁置年限密切相关,即随着挖填方样地搁置年限增长,这些因素逐渐发生变化,有益于受扰动土壤MWD_w和w_((δ0.25)w)的增加以及PAD的降低,其表层土壤的冲刷强度慢慢接近草地。工程扰动显著降低黄土的抗蚀性和抗冲性,应当做好必要的水土保持措施以降低土壤侵蚀风险。