Varietal discrimination and genetic relationships of Vitis vinifera L. cultivars from two major Controlled Appellation (DOC) regions in Portugal

Thirty-nine grapevine cultivars widely grown in Portugal, especially in Vinhos Verdes and Douro regions, and two well known international cultivars as standards, were genotyped at 12 microsatellite loci. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 6 to 12, and the number of allelic combinations per locus from 13 to 26. The total number of unique genotypes in the 12 analysed loci was 120, having most of the cultivars (38 out of 41) at least one unique genotype in any of the loci. The microsatellite profiles were adequate to discriminate 41 cultivars. The level of observed heterozygosity at each locus varied from 70.7% to 95.1%. VVMD28 has been revealed as one of the most informative markers. Several synonymies between Spanish and Portuguese cultivars were confirmed, and some homonymies are discussed. The genetic profiles of all 41 cultivars were searched for possible parent-offspring groups. The data obtained revealed the possible descendence of Touriga Franca from Touriga Nacional and Marufo.     

Starch granule size variation and relationship with tuber dry matter content in heritage potato varieties

Heritage potato varieties in Canada are historic old varieties collected from Canada and various countries before the formal establishment of the Canadian plant variety registration system and may be a valuable gene resource for beneficial traits in potato breeding and bioproducts development. Greater evaluation is the key for the enhanced use of these materials. It is unknown how much variation of starch granules occurs among Canadian heritage potato varieties. We analyzed the starch granule size of 14 potato heritage varieties held in the Canadian Plant Gene Resources collection over 2 years using a squeezed juice and microscopic method recently developed at the Potato Research Centre. The varieties demonstrated considerable variation in starch granule size and shape. The granules showed average lengths ranging from 18 μm in the variety Congo to 32 μm in ‘Russet Burbank’. The largest single granule measured from 64 μm in ‘Congo’ to 91 μm in ‘Crotte d’Ours.’ The granule sizes of the varieties showed a very high correlation (r = 0.975, P < 0.0001) between years. This high reproducibility suggests the existence of genetic factors in determining starch granule size. We also found that the starch granule size is positively correlated with tuber dry matter (in terms of specific gravity) in these heritage potatoes. The results demonstrated reproducible genotypic variation for starch granule size and shape in tubers with a significant correlation to tuber dry matter in these heritage potato varieties, and offers the possibility for and agronomic relevance of genetic modification of starch granules through selective breeding.     

山东昆嵛山抗肿瘤药用植物资源调查

通过野外实地考察和标本采集及实验室标本鉴定,系统调查昆嵛山抗肿瘤药用植物资源状况。结果表明:初步确定昆嵛山抗肿瘤药用植物有52种,分属35科;其中木本植物18种,草本植物33种。为昆嵛山抗肿瘤植物资源的保护及其开发利用提供初步参考。     

土地资源保护进行国际合作

文章通过对一般环境国际保护的探讨,提出土地资源在加强国际合作保护方面的特殊性,主要是处理好土地资源环境保护与国家主权之间的统一,但出于对人类整体利益的考虑,土地资源还是要加强国际合作保护.     

PDA在林业一类清查中的应用

根据PDA在辽宁省第八次森林资源连续清查中的应用实践,详细介绍其样地定位与测设、样地引线及周界测量记表、样地每木检尺记录等模块的功能。应用结果表明：PSP535FC-1型PDA具有采集数据准确、工作效率高等优点,但也存在屏幕避光性较差、电池续航能力不足的问题。根据应用实践,提出PDA的设计开发建议。     

Soil fauna in sheep-grazed hill pastures under organic and conventional livestock management and in an adjacent ungrazed pasture

Organic pasture management includes a focus on mixed livestock grazing, restrictions on nutrient inputs and livestock pest control. These are all factors which influence the environment of soil invertebrates. In this study, soil macrofauna, mesofauna and microfauna were collected from duplicate 11 and 20 year old organic and conventional legume-based sheep-grazed pasture systems. Pastures in both systems had received the same annual input of reactive phosphate rock and elemental sulphur and were stocked with the same numbers of sheep. The major difference between the two systems was absence of the chemical control of livestock pests on the organic system, resulting in lower sheep liveweights. Two ungrazed pastures which had not received any nutrient inputs for 20+ years were also sampled as part of the study to provide an additional contrast.No significant differences in either the diversity or abundance of the soil invertebrate community were found between the organic and conventional systems, despite the use of chemicals in the conventional system. The lack of difference suggests that many of the observed and reported responses to organic management reflect altered nutrient inputs and grazing management (which were the same in the current study), rather than the cessation of chemical controls in the organic system. In contrast, the invertebrate community in the unfertilised, ungrazed pasture was distinctly different from both the grazed systems. The ungrazed pasture had a higher diversity with more New Zealand endemic species than the grazed pasture. This included twice as many large Oribatida as soil pore size increased. The lower litter quality from the lack of nutrient inputs in the ungrazed pasture was reflected in both lower earthworm abundance and the Nematode Channel Ratio (indicative of a higher proportion of fungal- than bacterial-feeding nematodes), than the grazed pasture.We conclude that organic management when limited to a comparison of livestock pest control is not beneficial to soil invertebrates. Management practices such as stocking rates and fertiliser regime, by altering the soil physical environment and food resources, are more important in influencing invertebrate populations in this soil. Some would argue these altered management practices are an integral part of an organic production system.     

Optimizing competitive uses of water for irrigation and fisheries

Choosing the appropriate reservoir water management strategy can be difficult when the water has multiple uses. This study examines this problem for reservoir managers where water use involves irrigation and fisheries. A stochastic dynamic programming (SDP) model is developed to facilitate reservoir management, using a case study illustration for southern Vietnam. The model includes the response of rice and fish yields to key factors including reservoir water levels, the timing and quantity of water release, and climatic conditions. The model also accounts for variation in rainfall patterns, irrigation requirements, and the demand for low water levels during the fish harvest season. Three production scenarios are examined where the reservoir's water is used for: only producing rice (scenario 1), only producing fish (scenario 2), and producing rice and fish (scenario 3). Key findings are: (1) for scenario 1, adequate water should be released to meet rice growing water requirements and residual water should be stored as a source of water in case of low rainfall, (2) for scenario 2, sufficient water needs to be released prior to the fish harvest to maximize this harvest; and (3) for scenario 3, water should be released prior to fish harvest, but sufficient water should remain to satisfy the water requirements of rice. When the reservoir is managed for joint production of rice and fish, net benefits are 6% greater than when the reservoir is managed solely for rice production. The SDP model developed in this paper could be adapted and applied to other multiple-use resources such as forests, river basins, and land.     

铜壁关自然保护区盈江片区生物多样性评价

对铜壁关自然保护区盈江片区的生物多样性进行评价,结果认为,该保护区是我国纬度最北的热带雨林的一块宝地,生物多样性极为丰富,保护物种也非常丰富,生态保护价值和经济价值较高.目前保护区保护管理机构的层次和能力与保护对象不相协调,急待加强.藉此,对今后的自然保护工作提出了建议.     

澜沧县发展非木质林产品的思考

介绍澜沧县茶叶、松香、橡胶、咖啡、竹笋、草果、森林药材、野生食用菌、森林蔬菜等非木质林产品的分布、数量及采集情况,分析其产值大、种类多、主要集中在山区、以农村群众自己利用为主等特点.认为目前存在着不规范的采集方式导致资源的破坏,缺乏加工企业和技术,基础设施不完善导致运输困难等问题.藉此提出了加强资源监测,制定可行的政策和规划;引进技术,人工引种培育非木质林产品,成立专业合作社,争取国家项目资金扶持等建议.     

须弥红豆杉的研究进展

对须弥红豆杉的栽培育种、组织与细胞培养、植物化学、种群生物学与遗传多样性、生殖生态学以及资源保护等方面的研究进展进行综述,提出今后在不同海拔及气候类型下开展须弥红豆杉幼苗形态可塑性及其他方面研究的设想.