农产品质量的计算机辅助检验与分级(第Ⅱ报)——烟叶自动分级模型的建立与训练

在外观品质特征定量检测的基础上，研究了烟叶的自动分级技术。其基本原理是，建立标准样本烟叶的特征数据库，将待测烟叶与样本烟叶比较而进行分级。研究了数据库记录及烟叶差异的计算方法；应用神经网络技术构造了识别模型，进行了智能化训练。     

不同氮素供应对烟草品质指标的影响

用盆栽试验研究了不同氮形态和不同氮浓度对烟草钾、氯、总糖和烟碱等品质指标的影响。两种氮形态均有助于叶片钾和氯的积累,铵态氮有助于增加氯的积累,硝态氮更有利于钾的积累。铵态氮有利于总糖提高,其比例超过硝态氮时不利于烟碱含量的提高。任何铵/硝比下,氮浓度增加均会降低糖/烟碱比。下部叶对氮的反应不同于上部和中部叶,也是其烟叶品质不同于上部和中部叶的内在原因。     

控释肥料性质及其对烟草生长影响的研究

该文以自然资源“桐油”为包膜材料(从油桐果实中提取),生产包膜肥料,采用盆栽试验,对控释尿素养分释放动态进行研究。养分的测定采用“质量法”进行。结果表明：在红壤中,以桐油为原料的控释尿素初期溶出率为12.6%,比普通尿素初期溶出率下降69.5%,并且较好地满足烟草生长对养分需求特点。施包膜尿素比施普通尿素烟草叶片干物质产量增加5.5 g/株。     

Lumbricus terrestris counteract the effects of modified lignin biosynthesis on the decomposition of tobacco plant residues

The C and N transformations during decomposition over 26 d of root material from two lines of tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum L.) were compared in soil with or without earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris L.). The tobacco plants were either unmodified or genetically modified to reduce the activity of caffeic acid O-methyl transferase (COMT), which leads to plants with altered lignin structure and composition. In the absence of earthworms, C mineralization and net N immobilization were greater for the soil amended with reduced COMT roots than with the unmodified roots. In the presence of earthworms, C mineralization was still significantly greater for reduced COMT roots than for unmodified roots, but the difference was smaller, and the net N immobilization did not differ significantly between the two lines of plants.     

土壤肥力对烟叶化学成份及品质的影响

采用典型相关分析和逐步回归分析讨论了贵州省主产烟区土壤养分对烟叶的化学成份和品质的影响。土壤养分选取反映土壤肥力的主要因素(有机质、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾、pH)作为指标,烟叶化学成份是通过主成分分析从15个因素中萃取出9个(总糖、还原糖、烟碱、蛋白质、K、Cl、Mg、Cu、Zn)作为指标,烟叶品质指标选用施木克值和糖碱比。典型相关分析结果表明:贵州主产烟区土壤各养分对烟叶化学成分作用的大小依次为:速效氮>速效磷>有机质>pH>速效钾;对烟叶化学成分的影响分别是:速效氮主要影响烟叶中糖组分含量,对还原糖的积累有利,对总糖积累不利;速效磷的作用与速效氮相反;有机质对矿质元素含量和含氮化合物影响较大,对Cu、烟碱的积累不利,对Zn、Cl的积累有利,并与糖碱比值呈负相关;由于研究区域中烟叶化学成分K变异较小,土壤速效钾对烟叶化学成分中的K没有明显的影响。逐步回归分析建立了土壤养分与烟叶化学成分的量化方程。     

Aspects of the evolution of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Nicotiana tabacum</Emphasis> L. and the status of the United States <Emphasis Type="Italic">Nicotiana</Emphasis> Germplasm Collection

The genus Nicotiana is a member of the nightshade (Solanaceae) family, and is comprised of 70 currently recognized, naturally occurring species. Genetic variability within N. tabacum L., the species of primary economic importance, was likely affected by several genetic bottlenecks. Nicotiana tabacum is a classic amphidiploid that arose after chance interspecific hybridization between N. sylvestris Spegazinni et Comes and a member of section Tomentosae, likely N. tomentosiformis Goodspeed, N. otophora Grisebach, or an introgressive hybrid between the two. Only a fraction of the genetic variability that existed in the diploid progenitor gene pools probably entered into N. tabacum. Genetic drift, coupled with natural and human selection, subsequently resulted in the formation of narrow genetic pools corresponding to modern commercial market classes. Genetic variability in Nicotiana has gained increased attention in recent years because of investment in Nicotiana genomics research, interest in development of tobacco products with reduced harm characteristics, and concentration on using Nicotiana species for plant-based production of commercially useful proteins. A storehouse of genetic diversity for N. tabacum is available in approximately 1,900 accessions maintained by the United States Nicotiana Germplasm Collection. Seeds of 224 accessions representing 59 wild Nicotiana species are also maintained. The collection is currently maintained by North Carolina State University and is part of the United States National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS). The collection’s curator satisfies hundreds of seed requests made annually by scientists using Nicotiana germplasm for basic biological investigations and by researchers in the area of applied tobacco science.     

农产品质量的计算机辅助检验与分级(第Ⅱ报) 烟叶自动分级模型的建立与训练

在外观品质特征定量检测的基础上，研究了烟叶的自动分级技术。其基本原理是，建立标准样本烟叶的特征数据库，将待测烟叶与样本烟叶比较而进行分级。研究了数据库记录及烟叶差异的计算方法；应用神经网络技术构造了识别模型，进行了智能化训练。     

土壤pH 6.5是河南烟草青枯病发生的阈值

通过对河南21个有烟草青枯病史的烟田和周边91个无病史的烟田调查研究表明：有病史烟田在罗山、平桥、确山、泌阳、遂平和西平6个县(区),土壤pH主要分布在5.5~6.5(占调查烟田总数的84.75%)；周边无病史的烟田在唐河、正阳、上蔡、社旗、舞阳和城区6个县(区),土壤pH主要分布在6.5~7.0(占调查烟田总数的81.25%)。有病史的6个县(区)与无病史的6个县(区)在土壤pH上存在显著的差异,土壤pH 6.5是河南烟草青枯病发生的阈值。土壤pH与纬度之间具有极显著的正相关(Y＝0.7375X－17.799,R_²=0.386,p<0.01),由此推测土壤pH 6.5地理分界线大致在北纬33°,其以北烟区烟草青枯病发病机率低。     

玉米秸秆生物炭对烟田褐土水分库容及烤烟生物量的影响

针对山东临沂丘陵烟区干旱灾害频发,且难以推广先进灌溉措施的问题,研究了生物炭改良土壤水分库容、提高烟田抗旱能力的技术。在临沂市沂水烟草试验站开展褐土烟田施用生物炭的田间试验,设置了5个处理:不施肥处理(CK)、常规施肥处理(CF)、常规施肥添加2 400 kg/hm~2生物炭处理(LB)、常规施肥添加7 200 kg/hm~2生物炭处理(MB)和常规施肥添加12 000 kg/hm~2生物炭处理(HB)。研究发现施用生物炭可以显著降低土壤体积质量(降低幅度为6.84%~13.28%),显著增加土壤大空隙(d0.1μm)体积,从而增加土壤水分有效库容和总库容,而且土壤水分库容随生物炭施用量增大而增强。施用生物炭显著提高了土壤有机质和全氮含量,p H提高了0.12~0.55单位,烤烟生物量提高了40%以上,其中施用中量生物炭的增产效应最大。土壤水分库容是影响临沂烤烟生长的主控因子,对烤烟生物量的贡献率达47.2%,其次为土壤全钾(23.7%)和速效钾(5.89%)。上述结果表明,对于丘陵山区烟田可以通过施用生物炭协同提升其土壤水分和养分库容,进而促进烤烟生长。     

烤烟品种生产对比试验研究

为了鉴定不同烤烟品种对土壤、栽培、烘烤条件的反应和在生产上的利用价值,为生产选用后备品种和配套技术的制定提供科学依据,以K326为对照,对QX-1、GTH-1、云烟97等3个品种进行了对比试验研究。从试验结果看,参试材料的综合指标优于对照材料K326,但还需要反复试验才能定论。