红黄泥土壤供氮特性的研究 Ⅲ.土壤供氮量的预测

以淹水密闭培养法和田间定点取样测定研究了2种条件下的土壤氮素矿化过程,用红黄泥5个土样进行淹水密闭培养,矿化氮素完全符合有效积温幂函数式,但n值不能反映该类土壤氮矿化特征。且矿化氮量与土壤供氮量相关性差,红黄泥种植水稻早晚2季土壤供氮量都较接近4.7kg/亩,供氮率2.5％左右,同时,土壤供氮量与高于15℃气积温及移栽后的天数有极显著的直线关系。为预测土壤供氮量提供了可能性。     

辣椒秸秆生物质炭对喀斯特石灰土有机碳矿化的影响

【目的】探索短时间尺度下辣椒秸秆生物质炭添加对喀斯特石灰土地区土壤有机碳（SOC）矿化和SOC库的直接影响,为评估西南喀斯特石灰土地区辣椒秸秆生物质炭还田利用的生态环境效应提供科学依据。【方法】采用广口瓶进行恒温、恒湿密封培养试验,以不添加生物质炭为对照（CK）,设置0.1%、0.5%、1.0%、2.0%和4.0%共5个辣椒秸秆生物质炭添加处理,用NaOH溶液吸收法测定63 d培养期内喀斯特石灰土有机质矿化过程释放的CO₂,培养结束后测试各形态SOC含量的变化情况。【结果】培养63 d后,0~4.0%添加处理石灰土SOC累积矿化量为473.05±78.60~673.74±102.66 mg C/kg,4.0%添加处理可明显提高累积矿化量。各添加处理SOC矿化过程均可用双库一级动力学模型进行拟合,0.1%~0.5%和1.0%~4.0%添加处理条件下易降解SOC矿化速率常数（k_a）分别为0.021±0.001~0.034±0.004/d和0.248±0.021~0.343±0.033/d,对易降解SOC的矿化分别起抑制和促进作用;所有添加处理对难降解SOC矿化起促进作用。1.0%~4.0%添加处理可显著提高易降解SOC库储量（C_a）和土壤微生物量碳（MBC）含量（P<0.05,下同）,其值范围分别为238.19±20.72~937.48±71.75 mg/kg和368.22±12.19~449.52±18.91 g/kg。2.0%和4.0%添加处理显著提高土壤易氧化有机碳（ROC）含量,其值分别为2849.97±184.21和3163.92±107.16 mg/kg。生物质炭添加对土壤水溶性有机碳（WSOC）含量无显著影响（P>0.05,下同）。添加辣椒秸秆生物质炭的处理中,MBC与C_a、k_a、难降解SOC矿化速率常数（k_s）和ROC呈极显著正相关（P<0.01,下同）,与难降解SOC库储量（C_s）呈极显著负相关,与WSOC无显著相关性。【结论】辣椒秸秆生物质炭对喀斯特石灰土SOC矿化速率的影响与添加量有关,1.0%~4.0%添加处理可提高矿化速率,同时增加C_a、MBC和ROC含量,但对WSOC含量无影响,4.0%添加处理在63 d培养期内可提高土壤累积矿化量。为减少土壤碳排放,建议辣椒秸秆生物质炭改良西南喀斯特石灰土的添加量应低于4.0%。     

水旱轮作条件下畜禽有机肥氮素矿化特征

为探究水旱轮作条件下不同畜禽有机肥氮素矿化特征,试验设置空白、羊粪、牛粪、鸡粪和猪粪共5个处理,采用田间原位培养法监测了不同有机肥施用后300 d内铵态氮和硝态氮的矿化规律。结果表明：有机肥矿化过程中矿质氮主要为铵态氮,而硝态氮含量很低;不同有机肥处理的铵态氮含量总体呈先上升后逐渐稳定的变化趋势,鸡粪处理的铵态氮含量显著高于其他有机肥处理;不同有机肥处理的硝态氮含量呈波动下降趋势,硝态氮含量在前30 d迅速下降,不同有机肥处理间硝态氮含量差异随时间延长逐渐减小;雨季淹水条件促进有机肥矿化作用,但抑制了硝化作用发生,各有机肥处理的净氮矿化速率在雨季淹水条件培养下较高,旱季好气条件下有机肥矿化速率平稳,无明显上升或下降,各有机肥处理的净氮矿化速率较低;各有机肥处理的净氮矿化速率在培养前期较高,集中在前60 d,不同处理间差异显著,其中鸡粪和牛粪处理显著高于其他处理,培养后期各处理的净氮矿化速率较低且稳定,不同处理间差异较小。经过300 d培养,鸡粪、牛粪、羊粪和猪粪处理的氮素累积矿化量分别为32.99、17.60、13.90、12.83 mg·kg^-1,总体来看各处理氮素矿化效果表现为鸡粪 > 牛粪 > 羊粪 > 猪粪。     

不同栽培措施下春小麦光合势的变化

为了进一步研究不同栽培环境中春小麦的光合性能,在不同密度和施肥条件下,对呼市、巴盟河套灌区春小麦全生育期光合势(LAD)进行了系统观测。结果表明,春小麦高产群体光合势在整个生育期呈单峰曲线变化,峰值在孕穗至开花期。在适宜密度、氮磷钾肥适量配施下,全生育期总光合势可达到21×10~4～22×10~4m~2·d/667m~2,且孕穗期后维持较高水平,约占总光合势的45％～55％,保证了籽粒形成期光合产物的供应,因此其经济产量也最高。可见,在春小麦的生产实践中,创造良好的栽培条件,使群体光合势大小及其发展变化较合理是高产的关键。     

长期施用化肥对土壤N、P、K的影响

长期以来,人们对氮肥长期施用对土壤性质的影响一直十分关注。因为长期施用化学氮肥如能增加土壤全氮含量将可以提高土壤的肥力水平,但同时,如果土壤中无机氮过分积累也会引起环境问题。有的研究指出,施用无机氮并不能使土壤有机质显著增加,但土壤可矿化氮量有较显著的增加。这是由于单施无机氮肥而增加的少量土壤有机氮比原来     

适合河北平山县的秋繁措施

我的家乡地处河北省平山县,是革命圣地西柏坡所在地,素有"蜜库"之称。每年有大量外地蜂场涌入,但当地养蜂状况并不理想,亲眼目睹很多蜂场在秋繁后群势非常不好。我养蜂20年,有失败的教训,也有成功的喜悦,从中摸索出一套秋繁措施。我认为搞好本地秋繁必须断子治螨,同时更换新王。     

围封对内蒙古大针茅草地土壤碳矿化及其激发效应的影响

土壤呼吸及其控制机理是全球变化研究的重点之一,其中土壤呼吸的温度敏感性和激发效应是近年来的研究热点.以长期围封的大针茅草地(Fenced grassland,FG)和自由放牧草地(Grazing grassland,GG)为对象,通过不同温度(5、10、15、20、25℃和30℃)和添加混合凋落物的室内培养途径,探讨了长期围封对草地碳矿化(或土壤微生物呼吸)的温度敏感性和激发效应的影响.实验结果表明:在培养42 d内,长期围封的大针茅草地的土壤碳矿化累积量高于自由放牧草地;土壤碳矿化量随温度的升高而升高,围封对大针茅草地土壤碳矿化的温度敏感性的影响不显著,Q10值介于1.1-1.9之间.添加混合凋落物使土壤碳矿化表现出了明显的激发效应,且自由放牧草地的激发效应高于长期封育草地;在培养的前7d,土壤激发效应随着培养温度升高而增强,激发效应最高值达6.38;但在整个培养期(42 d)土壤激发效应15℃为最大.从长远角度看,中间温度更有利于土壤激发效应以及土壤碳矿化.在相同的有机物质输入状况下,长期围封大针茅草地的激发效应更低,可能是大针茅草地在长期围封状况下仍然具有碳固持效应的重要机制之一.     

不同有机物料组合对土壤养分和生化性状的影响

【Objective】 The objective of this study is to explore the effects of single type of organic matter and their combinations with various proportions of different organic materials on soil properties. The results would also provide a scientific basis and practical guidance to optimal utilization of agricultural organic wastes and achieve the aim of optimal configuration and agricultural sustainability regarding to soil quality. 【Method】 In this study, three organic materials were used, including rice straw, peanut straw and pig manure. Based on the mass ratio, the single type of organic matter only, the combination of both (rice straw and peanut straw mixing at the ratio of 7﹕3 and 3﹕7, respectively) and three ones (1﹕1). All single and mixture treatments were amended with 1% organic matters of the soil mass and cultivated for 90 days. Thereafter, soil nutrient and biochemical properties were measured. 【Result】 The results showed that different organic materials had a significant impact on soil nutrients and biochemical characteristics. Overall, mixtures of different organic materials were more effective than only single one for improving soil properties measured. The mixture treatments on soil nutrient availability showed additional effects, i.e. the nutrient release derived from mixtures were more than weighted average values of two and three materials. The additional effects of the mixtures on the activities of urease and invertase were not significant, for example, the increased effects of SZ, SHZ and 3S7H mixtures on invertase were 1.46%, 0.18% and 5.97%, respectively. Carbon mineralization rate of the mixture treatments had significant negative additional effects with the treatments of SH, SZ and 3S7H showed 9.91%, 23.54% and 22.95% lower than the weighted average values, respectively. And the corresponding decreased effects for the CO2-C production rate were 24.56%, 16.47% and 18.18%, respectively. BIOLOG analysis showed that AWCD value and carbon utilization potential of the treatments S and 7S3H were the highest among all treatments. The metabolic quotients (qCO2) in the S and 7S3H treatments were higher than those of other treatments. The materials combination of nutrient release and microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen had stronger positive addition. The materials combination of mineralization of organic carbon and qCO2 had stronger negative addition. 【Conclusion】 Results showed that mixing organic materials could improve soil nutrient contents enhance as well as soil biochemical activity. Compared to only one type of organic matter, materials mixture could provide more resources and favorable habitat for soil biological development, leading to acceleration of decomposition and nutrient release and finally improvement of soil fertility.     

高温胁迫对草地早熟禾渗透势、膜脂肪酸成分及膜脂过氧化产物的影响

 以‘Midnight’和‘Brilliant’两个草地早熟禾（Poa pratensis）品种为试材,研究叶片渗透 势、膜脂肪酸成分变化以及抗氧化酶对高温胁迫（35/30 ℃,昼/夜）的响应。高温胁迫下,‘Midnight’ 草地早熟禾草坪外观质量显著高于‘Brilliant’;随胁迫时间延长,‘Midnight’叶片的渗透势不断下降, 而‘Brilliant’除在前5 d 有一定程度下降外,而后基本处于不变,‘Midnight’保持更高的相对含水量; 两品种亚麻酸（18︰3）含量不断下降,亚油酸（18︰2）和棕榈酸（16︰0）不断增加,即脂肪酸饱和水平 增加,‘Midnight’比‘Brilliant’含有更高的亚麻酸和棕榈油酸（16︰1）,更低的棕榈酸和硬脂酸（18︰0）, 因而伴随着更高的双键指数（DBI）;‘Brilliant’的MDA 含量在胁迫10 d 后上升加快,胁迫25 d 结束时 其含量为‘Midnight’的1.6 倍,与之相对应的则是‘Midnight’的SOD 酶活性显著高于‘Brilliant’,电 解质渗透率显著低于‘Brilliant’。以上结果表明,‘Midnight’较强的渗透调节能力,较高的SOD 酶活性, 减轻了膜脂过氧化程度,有效保护了细胞膜稳定性,因而缓解了高温胁迫下的水分和氧化压力,表现出 较强的耐热性。同时,‘Midnight’具有避免膜脂饱和程度剧烈变化的能力,也可能与耐热性较强有关。