The Effects of Three Mineral Nitrogen Sources and Zinc on Maize and Wheat Straw Decomposition and Soil Organic Carbon

The incorporation of straw in cultivated ifelds can potentially improve soil quality and crop yield. However, the presence of recalcitrant carbon compounds in straw slow its decomposition rate. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of different nitrogen sources, with and without the application of zinc, on straw decomposition and soil quality. Soils were treated with three different nitrogen sources, with and without zinc： urea （CO（NH2）2）, ammonium sulfate （（NH4）2SO4）, and ammonium chloride （NH4Cl）. The combined treatments were as follows：maize （M） and wheat （W） straw incorporated into urea-, ammonium sulfate-, or ammonium chloride-treated soil （U, S, and C, respectively） with and without zinc （Z） （MU, MUZ, WU, WUZ;MS, MSZ, WS, WSZ;MC, MCZ, WC, WCZ, respectively）;straw with zinc only （MZ, WZ）;straw with untreated soil （MS, WS）;and soil-only or control conditions （NT）. The experiment consisted of 17 treatments with four replications. Each pot contained 150 g soil and 1.125 g straw, had a moisture content of 80%of the ifeld capacity, and was incubated for 53 days at 25°C. The rates of CO2-C emission, cumulative CO2-C evolution, total CO2 production in the soils of different treatments were measured to infer decomposition rates. The total organic carbon （TOC）, labile organic carbon （LOC）, and soil microbial biomass in the soils of different treatments were measured to infer soil quality. All results were signiifcantly different （P〈0.05） with the exception of the labile organic carbon （LOC）. The maize and wheat straw showed different patterns in CO2 evolution rates. For both straw types, Zn had a synergic effect with U, but an antagonistic effect with the other N sources as determined by the total CO2 produced. The MUZ treatment showed the highest decomposition rate and cumulative CO2 concentration （1 120.29 mg/pot）, whereas the WACZ treatment had the lowest cumulative CO2 concentration （1 040.57 mg/pot）. The additio     

Effects of maize-soybean relay intercropping on crop nutrient uptake and soil bacterial community

Maize-soybean relay intercropping is an effective approach to improve the crop yield and nutrient use efficiency, which is widely practiced by farmers in southwest of China. To elucidate the characteristics of different planting patterns on crop nutrient uptake, soil chemical properties, and soil bacteria community in maize-soybean relay intercropping systems, we conducted a field experiment in 2015–2016 with single factor treatments, including monoculture maize(MM), monoculture soybean(MS), maize-soybean relay intercropping(IMS), and fallow(CK). The results showed that the N uptake of maize grain increased in IMS compared with MM. Compared with MS, the yield and uptake of N, P, and K of soybean grain were increased by 25.5, 24.4, 9.6, and 22.4% in IMS, respectively, while the N and K uptakes in soybean straw were decreased in IMS. The soil total nitrogen, available phosphorus, and soil organic matter contents were significantly higher in IMS than those of the corresponding monocultures and CK. Moreover, the soil protease, soil urease, and soil nitrate reductase activities in IMS were higher than those of the corresponding monocultures and CK. The phyla Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi, and Actinobacteria dominated in all treatments. Shannon's index in IMS was higher than that of the corresponding monocultures and CK. The phylum Proteobacteria proportion was positively correlated with maize soil organic matter and soybean soil total nitrogen content, respectively. These results indicated that the belowground interactions increased the crop nutrient(N and P) uptake and soil bacterial community diversity, both of which contributed to improved soil nutrient management for legume-cereal relay intercropping systems.     

Effects of long-term full straw return on yield and potassium response in wheat-maize rotation

The effect of long-term straw return on crop yield, soil potassium(K) content, soil organic matter, and crop response to K from both straw and chemical K fertilizer(K_2SO_4) were investigated in a fixed site field experiment for winter wheat-summer maize rotation in 6 years for 12 seasons. The field experiment was located in northern part of North China Plain with a sandy soil in relatively low yield potential. Two factors, straw return and chemical K fertilizer, were studied with two levels in each factor. Field split design was employed, with two straw treatments, full straw return of previous crop(St) and no straw return, in main plots, and two chemical K fertilizer treatments, 0 and 60 kg K2 O ha~(–1), as sub-plots. The results showed that straw return significantly increased yields of winter wheat and summer maize by 16.5 and 13.2% in average, respectively, and the positive effect of straw return to crop yield showed more effective in lower yield season. Straw return significantly increased K absorption by the crops, with significant increase in straw part. In treatment with straw return, the K content in crop straw increased by 15.9 and 21.8% in wheat and maize, respectively, compared with no straw return treatment. But, straw return had little effect on K content in grain of the crops. Straw return had significant influences on total K uptake by wheat and maize plants, with an increase of 32.7 and 30.9%, respectively. There was a significant correlation between crop yield and K uptake by the plant. To produce 100 kg grain, the wheat and maize plants absorbed 3.26 and 2.24 kg K2 O, respectively. The contents of soil available K and soil organic matter were significantly affected by the straw return with an increase of 6.07 and 23.0%, respectively, compared to no straw return treatment. K_2SO_4 application in rate of 60 kg K2 O ha~(–1) showed no significant effect on wheat and maize yield, K content in crop straw, total K uptake by the crops, soil available K content, and soil organic matter. The apparent K utilization rate(percentage of applied K absorbed by the crop in the season) showed difference for wheat and maize with different K sources. In wheat season, the K utilization rate from K_2SO_4 was higher than that from straw, while in maize season, the K utilization rate from straw was higher than that from chemical fertilizer. In the whole wheat-maize rotation system, the K absorption efficiency by the two crops from straw was higher than that from K_2SO_4.     

Effects of long-term straw return on soil organic carbon fractions and enzyme activities in a double-cropped rice paddy in South China

Long-term straw return is an important carbon source for improving soil organic carbon(SOC) stocks in croplands, and straw removal through burning is also a common practice in open fields in South China. However, the specific effects of long-term rice straw management on SOC fractions, the related enzyme activities and their relationships, and whether these effects differ between crop growing seasons remain unknown. Three treatments with equal nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium nutrient inputs, including straw/ash and chemical nutrients, were established to compare the effects of straw removal(CK), straw return(SR), and straw burned return(SBR). Compared to CK, long-term SR tended to improve the yield of early season rice(P=0.057), and significantly increased total organic carbon(TOC) and microbial biomass carbon(MBC) in double-cropped rice paddies. While SBR had no effect on TOC, it decreased light fraction organic carbon(LFOC) in early rice and easily oxidizable organic carbon(EOC) in late rice, significantly increased dissolved organic carbon(DOC), and significantly decreased soil p H. These results showed that MBC was the most sensitive indicator for assessing changes of SOC in the double-cropped rice system due to long-term straw return. In addition, the different effects on SOC fraction sizes between SR and SBR were attributed to the divergent trends in most of the soil enzyme activities in the early and late rice that mainly altered DOC, while DOC was positively affected by β-xylosidase in both early and late rice. We concluded that straw return was superior to straw burned return for improving SOC fractions, but the negative effects on soil enzyme activities in late rice require further research.     

Effects of straw and biochar addition on soil nitrogen,carbon, and super rice yield in cold waterlogged paddy soils of North China

The additions of straw and biochar have been suggested to increase soil fertility, carbon sequestration, and crop productivity of agricultural lands. To our knowledge, there is little information on the effects of straw and biochar addition on soil nitrogen form, carbon storage, and super rice yield in cold waterlogged paddy soils. We performed field trials with four treatments including conventional fertilization system(CK), straw amendment 6 t ha~(–1)(S), biochar amendment 2 t ha~(–1)(C1), and biochar amendment 40 t ha~(–1)(C2). The super japonica rice variety, Shennong 265, was selected as the test crop. The results showed that the straw and biochar amendments improved total nitrogen and organic carbon content of the soil, reduced N_2O emissions, and had little influence on nitrogen retention, nitrogen density, and CO_2 emissions. The S and C1 increased NH_4~+-N content, and C2 increased NO_3~–-N content. Both S and C1 had little influence on soil organic carbon density(SOCD) and C/N ratio. However, C2 greatly increased SOCD and C/N ratio. C1 and C2 significantly improved the soil carbon sequestration(SCS) by 62.9 and 214.0%(P0.05), respectively, while S had no influence on SCS. C1 and C2 maintained the stability of super rice yield, and significantly reduced CH_4 emissions, global warming potential(GWP), and greenhouse gas intensity(GHGI), whereas S had the opposite and negative effects. In summary, the biochar amendments in cold waterlogged paddy soils of North China increased soil nitrogen and carbon content, improved soil carbon sequestration, and reduced GHG emission without affecting the yield of super rice.     

Improvement to Maize Growth Caused by Biochars Derived From Six Feedstocks Prepared at Three Different Temperatures

Biochar is increasingly proposed as a soil amendment, with reports of benefits to soil physical, chemical and biological properties. In this study, different biochars were produced from 6 feedstocks, including straw and poultry manure, at 3 pyrolysis temperatures （200, 300 and 500℃） and then added separately to a calcareous soil. Their effects on soil properties and maize growth were evaluated in a pot experiment. The biochars derived from crop straw had much higher C but smaller N concentrations than those derived from poultry manure. Carbon concentrations, pH and EC values increased with increasing pyrolysis temperature. Biochar addition resulted in increases in mean maize dry matter of 12.73% and NPK concentrations of 30, 33 and 283%, respectively. Mean soil pH values were increased by 0.45 units. The biochar-amended soils had 44, 55, 254 and 537% more organic C, total N, Olsen-P and available K, respectively, than the control on average. Both feedstocks and pyrolysis temperature determined the characteristics of the biochar. Biochars with high mineral concentrations may act as mineral nutrient supplements.     

Effects of Cropping System Change for Paddy Field with Double Harvest Rice on the Crops Growth and Soil Nutrient

The effects of the cropping system change for paddy field with double harvest rice on crops growth and soil nutrient in red soil were studied. The results indicated that the economic benefit and the ratio of the output to input were all increased in terms of the market price for the crops under various treatments. The greatest economic benefit was obtained in the treatment of paddy-upland rotation, and the corresponding economic benefit was increased by 34.7, 21.4, and 2.2% in comparison with that of control （rice-rice-astragali）, pasture, and upland cropping treatments. The economic benefits in pasture and upland cultivation treatments were increased by I 1.0 and 31.8%, respectively, when compared with that of the control treatment （CK）. The ratio of output to input in pasture, paddy-upland rotation, and upland cropping treatments was enhanced by 0.9, 0.6, and 0.3, respectively, in comparison with that of control. To grow pasture is beneficial for improving soil fertility since the contents of soil organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and available phosphorus are all enhanced significantly. However, the concentrations of the soil available nitrogen, the total potassium, the available potassium were somewhat reduced in all the treatments, suggesting that increasing the input of nitrogen, particularly potassium, was necessary under the present fertilization level. Based on the conditions of fertility, climate, cultivation, and management of paddy field with double harvest rice in red soil regions, it is feasible to alter the cultivation system of paddy field with bad irrigation condition. In particular, cultivation systems such as pasture and paddy-upland rotation can be selected to extend because better economic benefit and improvement of soil fertility in the purpose region were obtained.     

Aggregate stability and associated C and N in a silty loam soil as affected by organic material inputs

To make recycling utilization of organic materials produced in various agricultural systems, five kinds of organic materials were applied in a field test, including crop straw(CS), biogas residue(BR), mushroom residue(MR), wine residue(WR), pig manure(PM), with a mineral fertilizer(CF) and a no-fertilizer(CK) treatment as a control. Our objectives were: i) to quantify the effects of organic materials on soil C and N accumulation; ii) to evaluate the effects of organic materials on soil aggregate stability, along with the total organic carbon(TOC), and N in different aggregate fractions; and iii) to assess the relationships among the organic material components, soil C and N, and C, N in aggregate fractions. The trial was conducted in Wuqiao County, Hebei Province, China. The organic materials were incorporated at an equal rate of C, and combined with a mineral fertilizer in amounts of 150 kg N ha-1, 26 kg P ha-1 and 124 kg K ha-1 respectively during each crop season of a wheat-maize rotation system. The inputted C quantity of each organic material treatment was equivalent to the total amount of C contained in the crop straw harvested in CS treatement in the previous season. TOC, N, water-stable aggregates, and aggregate-associated TOC and N were investigated. The results showed that organic material incorporation increased soil aggregation and stabilization. On average, the soil macroaggregate proportion increased by 14%, the microaggregate proportion increased by 3%, and mean-weight diameter(MWD) increased by 20%. TOC content followed the order of PM>WR>MR>BR>CS>CK>CF; N content followed the order WR>PM>MR>BR>CS>CF>CK. No significant correlation was found between TOC, N, and the quality of organic material. Soil silt and clay particles contained the largest part of TOC, whereas the small macroaggregate fraction was the most sensitive to organic materials. Our results indicate that PM and WR exerted better effects on soil C and N accumulation, followed by MR and BR, suggesting that organic materials from ex situ farmland could promote soil quality more as compared to straw returned in situ.     

Nutrient Budget and Soil Nutrient Status in Greenhouse System

This paper is based on nutrient budget and its effects on soil nutrient status in typical greenhouse system in China to provide a basis for raising the utilization rate of fertilizers and maintaining the sustainable development of agriculture in the greenhouse.By investigating the management of 18 representative greenhouses in Shouguang,Shandong Province,China,and analyzing both the greenhouse and open field soil samples,the soil nutrient budget and the trend of nutrient accumulation and translocation in soils were thus studied.The results under greenhouse system showed that the average annual inputs of N,P2O5 and K2O were 4 088,3 655 and 3 437 kg ha-1,respectively.The total inputs of N,P2O5 and K2O provided by chemical fertilizers which are the main source of soil nutrient were 63,61 and 66%,respectively.The utilization rates of N,P2O5 and K2O were only 24,8,46% and the input ratio among N,P2O5 and K2O （1：0.9：0.8） was quite different from the uptake ratio （1：0.3：1.4）.It had caused the excess of N,P2O5 and K2O in the soil,and the theoretical surpluses were 3 214,3 401 and 2 322 kg ha-1,respectively,for N,P2O5 and K2O.The level of the organic matter,total nitrogen,nitrate nitrogen,available phosphorus,and available potassium was increased substantially,and their maximum level was observed in the topsoil （0-20 cm） with an average value being 1.4,1.9,21.2,5.4,and 3.7 times higher than that of the open field soil,respectively.The greenhouse soils showed leaching of the nutrients,especially NO3- which would cause a potential risk to the quality of groundwater in the area.It is necessary to apply more organic manure and provide nutrients according to the crop requirements and soil fertility as it could not only produce high crop yield,but also be beneficial to balance the soil nutrient and improve the utilization rate of fertilizers.Further,there would be no significant surplus of nutrients which may leach out of soil to contaminate the environment.     

Soil Insect Diversity and Abundance Following Different Fertilizer Treatments on the Loess Plateau of China

The presence of abundant and diverse communities of macro-arthropods is considered an indicator of sustainability in agroecosystems. This study was designed to investigate the effects of different fertilizer treatments on abundance and diversity of insects of arable loess soil on the Loess Plateau of China. These regimes included a control with no fertilizer addition or manure, treatments with application of mineral fertilizers (N, NK, NP, PK, NPK), treatments with NPK in combination with organic materials such as wheat straw or maize stalk, treatments with two rates of organic manure application; and different crop rotations (Rot.1: winter wheat summer maize; Rot.2: winter wheat summer maize soybean intercropping; and Rot.3: winter wheat or rapeseed summer maize soybean intercropping). Soil macro-arthropods were collected from the plough layer (0-20 cm) and sorted by hand after each harvest in June and October 2001 and 2002. A total of 3 132 individuals were collected, from 7 orders and 55 families, dominated by Formicidae (61.72%) and Staphylinidae (14.24%). The results showed that individuals and groups were significantly influenced by sampling dates, while groups were significantly influenced by the fertilization treatments. Soil insect biodiversity, as determined by the Shannon index, was significantly influenced by fertilization and sampling dates. The abundance of soil insects was positively and significantly correlated with soil moisture content in October 2002. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers and incorporation of organic materials were favorable factors for abundance and diversity in arable loess soil.     

秸秆还田配施氮肥对稻田土壤活性碳氮动态变化的影响

【目的】土壤微生物量碳氮和水溶性有机碳氮是土壤中最活跃的碳氮组分,是衡量土壤碳氮周转与养分有效性的重要指标。探讨秸秆配施氮肥、氮肥用量及基追比例对稻田土壤微生物量碳氮、水溶性有机碳氮、易氧化有机碳和速效氮的影响,明确秸秆还田条件下水稻生长季不同氮肥用量与基追比的土壤活性碳氮变化特征,为稻麦轮作区秸秆还田的氮肥管理提供理论依据。【方法】2012—2015年在湖北省荆门市田间试验中设置施氮量、秸秆配施氮肥和施氮时期3个大田试验。施氮量：不施氮（N0）,推荐施氮（165 kg·hm ^-2,N165）,习惯施氮（195 kg·hm ^-2,N195）;秸秆配施氮肥：秸秆移除（CK）,秸秆还田（移栽前将上季小麦秸秆全部还田,S）,秸秆还田+习惯施氮量（SN）,秸秆还田+推荐施氮量（SF）,秸秆还田+推荐施氮量+腐解菌剂（SM）;施氮时期：基施﹕拔节期﹕抽穗期氮肥施用比例为7﹕3﹕0（R1）,5﹕3﹕2（R2）,10﹕0﹕0（R3）。【结果】秸秆还田+习惯施氮量（SN）显著提高了水稻拔节期土壤微生物量碳（SMBC）含量,但是其成熟期水溶性有机碳含量（DOC）显著降低。秸秆还田+推荐施氮量（SF）显著提高了水稻拔节期土壤水溶性有机氮含量（DON）。腐解菌剂的施用显著降低了水稻成熟期DON含量,拔节期易氧化有机碳含量（ROC）也显著降低。秸秆还田下增加氮肥用量显著提高了水稻抽穗期和灌浆期土壤速效氮含量（AN）;推荐施氮处理（165 kg N·hm ^-2）的DON和AN含量显著升高;农民习惯施氮处理（195 kg N·hm ^-2）降低了DON和AN含量;增加追施氮肥比例对土壤SMBC和DOC含量无明显影响,但提高了水稻拔节期SMBN和ROC含量。【结论】施氮量及其基追比是影响秸秆还田下稻田土壤活性碳氮含量的主要因素,合理配施氮肥能提高土壤微生物量碳、速效氮及水溶性有机氮等活性碳氮组分含量,增加追肥比例也能提高水稻生育期内土壤活性碳氮含量。     

稻草还田和易地还土对红壤丘陵农田土壤有机碳及其活性组分的影响

 【目的】探讨稻草还田和易地还土对红壤丘陵水田和旱地土壤有机碳及活性有机碳的影响。【方法】以红壤丘陵区长期定位点坡旱地和水旱轮作地为研究对象,选取3个处理：不施肥（CK）、单施化肥（NPK）和稻草配施氮磷肥（S+NP）,对试验6年来的数据进行分析。【结果】与初始值相比,坡旱地NPK和S+NP处理在前4年内土壤有机碳（SOC）明显增加,平均增幅分别为14.6%和36.2%,此后波动较小;微生物量碳（MBC）总体保持增加趋势,NPK和S+NP处理显著高于CK,平均增幅分别为16.1%和33.5%;溶解有机碳（DOC）保持逐年增加,处理间差异不显著。水旱轮作地各处理土壤有机碳6年内基本保持稳定,但NPK和CK处理均低于初始值;MBC总体亦具有增加趋势,S+NP处理明显高于CK,平均增幅为 14.2%,但NPK处理低于CK;DOC后期出现降低趋势,且NPK和S+NP处理均低于CK。【结论】与单施化肥相比,稻草还田和易地还土均能明显提高土壤SOC和MBC含量,但稻草易地还土的效果更为显著,并在短期内表现明显。土壤溶解有机碳对施肥的响应较差,耕作时间较短的坡旱地土壤溶解有机碳含量明显高于耕作时间较长的水旱轮作地。     

不同覆盖方式对黄土高原地区苹果园土壤 有机碳组分及微生物的影响

【目的】研究不同覆盖方式对黄土高原地区苹果园土壤有机碳各组分及微生物群落活性的影响。【方法】通过野外果园定位试验,分层采集0—100 cm土层的土样,对麦草覆盖、起垄黑地膜覆盖及清耕3个不同处理方式下,土壤有机碳各组分及微生物群落功能多样性进行研究。【结果】麦草覆盖可显著增加0—60 cm土壤总有机碳（TOC）、颗粒有机碳（POC）、轻质有机碳（LFOC）、易氧化有机碳（ROC）和可溶性有机碳（DOC）含量,在1—3年内随着覆盖年限的增加而增加,其中在0—20 cm土层中TOC含量每年约增加1.9 g•kg-1,而微生物量碳（MBC）的含量表现出逐年降低的趋势。起垄黑地膜覆盖的土壤TOC含量低于对照,而POC、LFOC、ROC、DOC、MBC的含量高于对照,但均随着覆盖年限的增加而降低,3年后0—20 cm土层中TOC含量降低0.91 g•kg-1。麦草覆盖和黑地膜覆盖处理的微生物群落碳源利用率（AWCD）、微生物群落Shannon 指数（H）和微生物群落丰富度指数（S）均高于对照处理,同样也表现出逐年降低的趋势,其中覆膜处理下降更加剧烈。【结论】麦草覆盖提高了土壤有机碳各组分的含量,而起垄黑地膜覆盖逐年降低有机碳各组分含量。两处理开始均可提高土壤微生物群落碳源利用率、微生物群落的丰富度和功能多样性,但同样出现了逐年降低的趋势,而覆膜处理降低得更加迅速。     

添加有机物料后红壤CO2释放特征与微生物生物量动态

 【目的】对不同有机物料施入红壤后CO2释放特征及几种形态碳、氮变化进行了观测,并分析其相互关系,以阐明添加有机物料后红壤中CO2释放量及几种碳、氮形态的变化特征。【方法】采用室内恒温培养试验,向红壤中添加5种有机物料（猪粪、牛粪、鸡粪、玉米秸秆和小麦秸秆）,培养期间定期采样分析红壤CO2释放量及土壤微生物量碳、氮（SMBC、SMBN）的动态变化。【结果】添加有机物料后,各处理CO2释放速率在培养前期较高,在培养18-20 d后基本趋于稳定。整个培养期间,土壤CO2-C的累积过程符合一级反应动力学方程。添加不同有机物料后红壤CO2潜在释放量从高到低顺序为：小麦秸秆（1.51 g•kg-1）＞玉米秸秆（1.38 g•kg-1）＞猪粪（0.89 g•kg-1）＞鸡粪（0.78 g•kg-1）＞牛粪（0.50 g•kg-1）。添加几种有机物料后红壤CO2释放量存在显著差异,秸秆类有机物料分解释放CO2量相当于动物有机肥的2倍以上,其中小麦秸秆最高,牛粪最低,且有机物料分解释放CO2量与SMBC、SMBN、土壤可溶性有机碳（WSOC）和有机物料C/N呈显著相关。【结论】等碳量的有机物料施入红壤后能显著提高土壤CO2的释放速率和释放量,且土壤CO2释放量与土壤微生物量、可溶性碳和有机物料的C/N紧密相关。添加有机物料处理,土壤微生物生物量和碳源、氮源的有效性较高,有利于土壤养分的转化和释放。     

不同秸秆生物炭对红壤性水稻土养分及微生物群落结构的影响

【目的】研究不同秸秆转化生物炭对红壤性水稻土养分含量及微生物群落结构的影响差异,为土壤改良和秸秆资源的合理利用提供理论参考。【方法】以水稻和玉米秸秆300℃、400℃和500℃裂解得到的生物炭为添加材料,以发育于第四纪的红壤性水稻土为供试土壤,通过135 d室内培育试验,研究秸秆生物炭添加对红壤性水稻土pH、有机碳和养分含量、土壤微生物生物量碳（MBC）的影响,及其对磷脂脂肪酸（PLFA）表征的微生物群落结构的影响。试验共设7个处理：对照（CK）、添加水稻秸秆炭300℃（RB300）、400℃（RB400）、500℃（RB500）和添加玉米秸秆炭300℃（CB300）、400℃（CB400）、500℃（CB500）。【结果】物料类型和制备温度因素显著影响裂解得到生物炭材料的养分含量和化学性质。培育试验表明,两种秸秆生物炭的添加,平均提高土壤pH值0.16个单位;土壤有机碳、速效磷和速效钾水平,分别比对照增加26.1%、20.6%和281.8%。水稻秸秆炭对土壤速效钾水平促进作用较大,而玉米秸秆炭则主要增加速效磷含量。低温裂解秸秆炭（300℃）的添加,并没有显著影响土壤碱解氮和无机氮含量;而添加RB500和CB500处理的碱解氮分别比对照低10.4%和8.1%,硝态氮含量分别比对照高63.6%和100.7%（P＜0.05）。添加生物炭处理,微生物生物量碳和磷脂脂肪酸总量平均比对照增加63.4%和47.5%,但添加300℃秸秆炭处理与对照差异不显著;两种秸秆炭的输入均可以增加革兰氏阴性细菌（G-）、革兰氏阳性细菌（G+）、放线菌和真菌的含量,且不同制备温度处理间的差异表现为300℃＜400℃＜500℃。主成分分析表明,水稻秸秆炭对土壤微生物群落结构的影响较玉米秸秆炭更为显著;不同温度水稻秸秆炭间,群落结构差异明显,而不同温度玉米秸秆炭间没有区分开来。典范对应分析结果表明,生物炭添加可以通过改变土壤性质,间接影响微生物群落结构;其中,土壤速效磷、有机碳和速效钾含量与土壤微生物群落分布显著相关。【结论】水稻和玉米秸秆炭均可以改良红壤性水稻土的酸度,提高土壤养分含量和微生物量水平;两种秸秆炭的添加均改变了土壤微生物群落结构,其中以水稻秸秆炭的影响更为明显。     

套作糯玉米对连作菜田土壤特性及产量的影响

【目的】分析套作糯玉米及其秸秆还田种植模式下土壤特性的变化规律和蔬菜产量的差异,明确套作模式及秸秆还田避免发生连作障碍的效果。【方法】以西兰花、青刀豆和糯玉米为研究材料,设置青刀豆套作糯玉米且糯玉米秸秆还田-西兰花、青刀豆套作糯玉米且糯玉米秸秆不还田-西兰花、青刀豆-西兰花,共3个处理,分别测定土壤有机质含量、铵态氮含量、硝态氮含量、脲酶、多酚氧化酶、过氧化氢酶活性以及收获期各类作物产量。【结果】2010年、2011年的秋季西兰花产量表现为套作还田处理＞套作不还田处理＞连作处理。套作处理及玉米秸秆还田处理通过合理协调利用养分,提高了土壤有机质含量;玉米蔬菜套作种植降低了土壤无机氮浓度,提高了无机氮利用效率;套作处理和套作还田处理改善了土壤环境,提高了土壤脲酶活性;蔬菜连作种植由于根系分泌物的刺激使土壤多酚氧化酶升高,同时土壤自毒物质的积累导致过氧化氢酶活性升高,降低了土壤中的毒性。【结论】套作及秸秆还田能够有效地提高作物产量,在一定程度上改善土壤环境,提高有机质含量及脲酶活性,提高作物对无机氮的吸收利用,使多酚氧化酶及过氧化氢酶活性维持在适宜的水平。     

生物炭与秸秆添加对砂姜黑土团聚体组成和有机碳分布的影响

【目的】研究生物炭与秸秆添加对砂姜黑土团聚体组成、稳定性以及不同粒级团聚体有机碳分布的影响,为砂姜黑土黏板障碍因子改良和合理培肥制度建立提供科学依据。【方法】在光照培养室内用砂姜黑土进行的培养试验,试验设置4个处理：对照（不施有机物料,CK）、单施生物炭（5%生物炭,B）、单施秸秆（1.5%玉米秸秆,S）和生物炭与秸秆配施（5%生物炭+1.5%的玉米秸秆,BS）。培养6个月后采集土壤样品,利用湿筛法得到不同粒级的土壤水稳性团聚体,测定各粒级土壤团聚体有机碳含量。【结果】不同有机物料处理对＞2 mm团聚体含量影响较大,其中施用秸秆显著提高了该粒级团聚体含量。单施生物炭有利于0.053-0.25 mm粒级团聚体含量的增加;施用秸秆有利于0.5-2 mm团聚体含量的增加,较对照显著增加14%-68%。单施生物炭对平均重量直径（MWD）、几何平均直径（GMD）和大于0.25 mm团聚体含量（R_0.25）无显著影响,单施秸秆和生物炭与秸秆配施则显著提高了MWD、GMD和R_0.25。同时,各有机物料施用都显著降低了团聚体分形维数（D）。与对照相比,各有机物料处理土壤有机碳含量都显著提高,其中生物炭与秸秆配施处理含量最高,较对照提高了160%。各有机物料处理不同粒级团聚体中有机碳含量也显著提高,与对照相比,各粒级有机碳含量提高了54%-353%。随土壤粒径的增大,添加生物炭处理不同粒级团聚体有机碳含量分布呈现“V”型趋势,单施秸秆处理呈逐渐增加趋势。大团聚体有机碳的贡献率为S处理＞BS处理＞CK处理＞B处理,微团聚体则表现出相反的规律。0.5-1 mm粒级团聚体对土壤有机碳的贡献率最大,为6%-33%。【结论】单施生物炭对土壤水稳性大团聚体含量和团聚体稳定性的影响不显著,而生物炭与秸秆配施不仅能提高土壤大团聚体含量,增加土壤团聚体的稳定性,而且提高土壤及不同粒级团聚体的有机碳含量,改善了土壤性状。相比之下,生物炭与秸秆配施是改善砂姜黑土结构和提升碳水平的最佳培肥措施。     

长期施用化肥和稻草对红壤水稻土肥力和生产力持续性的影响

 【目的】研究长期施用氮（N）、磷（P）、钾（K）化肥和稻草（RS）对中国亚热带地区红壤水稻土肥力变化的趋势和水稻生产力可持续性的影响。【方法】利用1981年建立在湖南省望城县黄金乡第四纪红土红壤发育的水稻土（分类为普通简育水耕人为土）上的定位试验田,对氮、磷和钾化肥及其与稻草长期配合施用的5个处理的土壤肥力和生产力可持续性进行了评价。【结果】氮、磷和钾化肥与稻草长期配合施用能维持和提高红壤水稻土的生产力和土壤肥力;水稻获得了持续高产,土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、可矿化氮量均增加,速效磷和速效氮比试前土壤增加。长期施用氮、磷肥而不施钾肥的NP处理水稻产量、土壤氮、钾逐年降低,稻田系统生产力的可持续性和土壤肥力难以维持。稻草还田对水稻具有显著的增产作用,27年54季的稻草还田配合化肥处理的平均水稻产量比仅施化肥的NP和NPK处理分别增产12.2%和6.7%,稻草的增产作用还随着稻草还田时间的延长而逐年提高。【结论】稻草还田携入的钾与化学钾肥具有相同的营养功能,稻草可替代部分化学钾肥。     

不同有机物料还田对东北黑土活性有机碳的影响

 【目的】阐明不同有机物料培肥对黑土总有机碳和活性有机碳组分的影响,探讨合理调控农田土壤肥力的施肥模式。【方法】以黑龙江省海伦市国家野外科学观测研究站试验区上进行了6年田间定位试验的小区土壤为研究对象,通过对土壤活性有机碳的提取以及室内作物栽培试验,对比和分析不同有机物料配施化肥处理下土壤活性有机碳与土壤生产力的变化。【结果】与试验初期相比,经过6年单施化肥处理后,土壤总有机碳（TOC）、微生物量碳（MBC）、水溶性有机碳（WSOC）以及轻组有机碳（LFOC）的含量显著下降;而有机无机配施则显著提高了土壤有机碳及各活性有机碳组分的含量。不同有机物料还田对土壤总有机碳和各活性有机碳组分的作用存在显著差异,作物秸秆与化肥配施更有助于TOC和LFOC的积累,其中以玉米秸秆配施化肥的效果最为突出,与单施化肥相比,增幅分别为26%和136%;粪肥配施化肥对MBC和WSOC的积累效果优于作物秸秆,其中以猪粪配施化肥的效果最为突出,与单施化肥相比,增幅分别为52%和85%。室内作物栽培试验表明,单施化肥处理将引起土壤生产力的下降,有机无机配施则能明显改善土壤生产力水平。不同有机物料配施化肥对土壤生产力的提升效果表现为：猪粪＞牛粪＞小麦秸秆≈玉米秸秆。【结论】在东北黑土区,不同有机物料处理之间土壤总有机碳、活性有机碳以及土壤生产力存在明显差异,玉米秸秆配施化肥能够显著提高土壤总有机碳和轻组有机碳的含量,而猪粪配施化肥则更有助于土壤微生物量碳和水溶性有机碳的积累,有利于土壤生产力的提升。     

典型区域秸秆和有机肥混土填埋后的腐解特征

【目的】秸秆和有机肥是我国农田主要有机物料来源，翻压旋耕是其主要的还田方式，明确其在我国典型农田土壤中的腐解过程特征和驱动因素，可为更好利用秸秆资源与合理施用有机肥提供科学依据。【方法】在我国典型黑土、潮土和红壤上开展大田有机物料混土填埋试验。设置4种处理：小麦秸秆混土(WS+soil)、玉米秸秆混土(MS+soil)、猪粪混土(PM+soil)和牛粪混土(CM+soil)，按土重﹕物料碳=100﹕4.5，称取物料土壤混合物200 g装于尼龙袋填埋于土壤中，填埋后1年内采样6次，之后2—2.5年采样一次，满3年采样一次，共8次采样。分析各混土有机物料的腐解差异，采用双指数方程明确易分解有机碳库和难分解有机碳库比例和腐解速率，阐明各土壤中有机物料的快速腐解速率、慢速腐解速率及积温转折点，并用随机森林模型来量化物料组成和环境因素分别对腐解速率的相对贡献。【结果】秸秆混土的腐殖化系数为22%—43%，有机肥混土的为45%—58%。有机肥混土腐解较秸秆慢，区域间差异不大，从北往南有机物料腐解加快，且秸秆腐解较有机肥快。秸秆的易分解有机碳库比例(70%—87%)高于有机肥的易分解有机碳库比例(5...