内蒙古典型草原羊草和大针茅地下器官中碳水化合物含量的季节性变化

多年生牧草在地下器官中贮藏的碳水化合物是春季萌发生长和刈牧后再生的物质基础。羊草和大针茅是内蒙古典型草原地带性分布的优势种。为了研究草原植物碳水化合物贮藏特性,采用高效液相色谱技术对羊草和大针茅的贮藏性碳水化合物的种类组成及季节变化进行了测定。结果表明,羊草和大针茅地下器官的贮藏性碳水化合物的组分主要包括果聚糖、蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖、甘露醇和淀粉。其中甘露醇、淀粉和果聚糖在2种牧草地下器官中的含量均居前3位。羊草地下器官碳水化合物的含量显著高于大针茅,其果聚糖和淀粉含量分别是大针茅的3.2和3.6倍。5月20日-10月15日,羊草和大针茅地下器官中的碳水化合物总量、可溶性碳水化合物含量、淀粉含量、甘露醇含量和果聚糖含量均表现出“降低-升高-再降低-再升高”的特征。不同碳水化合物组分冬前积累和春季降解的起止时间也存在较大差异。     

Comparison of the effect of hypertonic hydroxyethyl starch and mannitol on the intraocular pressure in healthy normotensive dogs and the effect of hypertonic hydroxyethyl starch on the intraocular pressure in dogs with primary glaucoma

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine if intravenous hypertonic hydroxyethyl starch (7.5%/6%) (HES) could decrease the intraocular pressure (IOP) in healthy normotensive dogs, and compare its effect with that of mannitol (20%) (experimental study). In addition, the potential IOP-lowering effect of hypertonic HES was evaluated in six dogs with primary glaucoma (clinical study). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Experimental study: eight male ophthalmoscopically and clinically healthy Beagles were included in this study. The IOP of each dog was measured by applanation tonometry in both eyes to obtain control values at 10:00, 10:15, 10:30, 10:45, 11:00 a.m., and then every hour until 6:00 p.m. prior to the first treatment (control period). Each dog received, with at least 2-week intervals and in a random order, an intravenous (IV) infusion of 4 mL/kg hypertonic HES (1.2 g/kg NaCl; 0.96 g/kg HES) and 4 mL/kg mannitol 20% (1 g/kg) over a period of 15 min starting at 10:00 a.m. IOP was measured oculus uterque (OU) at the same time intervals as in the control study. The differences in IOP between the treatment groups and the baseline IOP (before the start of infusion), between oculus sinister (OS) and oculus dexter (OD) and between the same time points of all groups were determined with a Student's t-test for paired samples (P = 0.05). Clinical study: six dogs with primary glaucoma (representing seven eyes) received an IV infusion of 4 mL/kg hypertonic HES over a period of 15 min. IOP was measured before and 15 and 30 min after starting the infusion. RESULTS: Experimental study: no significant difference between IOP of both eyes was found. A significant decrease in IOP from baseline value was recorded at 15, 30, 45, and 60 min after the start of mannitol infusion (mean amplitude in IOP decrease 3.21 mmHg; P < 0.05) and at 15 and 30 min in dogs treated with HES (mean amplitude in IOP decrease 2.43 mmHg; P < 0.05). At 120 and 180 min there was a significantly higher IOP (P < 0.05) in HES treatment group compared to the values of the control group. Clinical study: in 5/7 eyes diagnosed with primary glaucoma a maximum decrease in IOP of an average of 24% from the baseline value (IOP before start of the infusion) was observed (range of decrease 2-21 mmHg). In three of these five cases the maximum decrease was reached at 15 min and in two cases at 30 min. In one case an increase in IOP of 35% (+ 18 mmHg) was seen after 15 min and 26% (+ 13 mmHg) after 30 min. Case 4 showed an increase in IOP of 5% (+ 3 mmHg) after 15 min and a decrease of 6% (- 4 mmHg) after 30 min. CONCLUSIONS: Intravenous hypertonic HES is comparable to intravenous mannitol 20% in lowering the intraocular pressure in healthy normotensive dogs. But this effect lasted half an hour longer after mannitol. In 6/7 eyes with primary glaucoma, hypertonic HES decreased IOP.     

Near-infrared spectroscopy on combine harvesters to measure maize grain dry matter content and quality parameters

Dry matter (DM) content and quality parameters of maize grain are important traits in breeding of maize hybrids. New developments in near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) allow to determine DM content and product quality parameters directly on plot combine harvesters. The main objective of our study was to examine the potential of NIRS on combine harvester (NOCH) for determination of DM, crude protein (CP) and starch (ST) contents in maize grain. Plot combine harvesters equipped with spectrometers were used. Eleven locations were harvested in Europe during 2003 and 2004. The NOCH calibration models were developed with standard error of prediction (SEP) and coefficient of determination for validation (R) of 1.2% and 0.95 for DM, 0.3% and 0.88 for CP, and 1.0% and 0.79 for ST, respectively. NOCH is a promising technology for determination of DM, CP and ST contents of maize grain for breeding purposes, because it automates the assessment of each harvested plot, and the information for making selection decision is rapidly available to plan the next generation.     

Determination of the Mineral Fraction and Rheological Properties of Microwave Modified Starch from Canna Edulis

The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of the physical modification by microwave irradiation on the mineral fraction and rheological properties of starch isolated from Canna edulis rhizomes. Phosphorus, sodium, potassium, magnesium, iron, calcium and zinc were evaluated using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Rheological properties were determined using both the Brabender amylograph and Brookfield viscosimeter. Except for the calcium concentration, mineral contents decreased significantly (p < 0.05) after microwave treatment. The amylographic profile was also modified, showing increased pasting temperature range and breakdown index, whereas the viscosity peak, viscosity at holding (95°C) and cooling periods (50°C), setback and consistency decreased as compared to the native starch counterpart. Although viscosity decreased in the microwaved sample, presumably due to starch changes at molecular level, it retained the general pseudo plastic behavior of native starch. It is concluded that canna starch may be modified by microwave irradiation in order to change its functional properties. This information should be considered when using microwave irradiation for food processing. Furthermore, the altered functional attributes of canna modified starch could be advantageous in new product development.     

烤烟淀粉含量影响因素的研究进展

综述了影响烤烟淀粉含量的一系列因素,初步探讨了降低淀粉含量的措施。     

Main effects and interactions of varying formulation protein,fiber, and moisture on feed manufacture and pellet quality

The majority of broiler feed is in pelleted form. Feeding pelleted diets results in improved BW gain and FE compared with feeding mash diets. However, improvements in performance are contingent on pellet quality. Past research has focused on methods to improve pellet quality without negatively affecting processing variables and performance. The objective of these studies was to evaluate the effects and interactions that occur when small inclusion amounts of fiber, protein, and moisture were formulated into corn- and soybean-based broiler diets. Two experiments were conducted. In experiment 1, small inclusion amounts (5%) of fiber (in the form of cellulose) or protein (in the form of soy protein isolate) improved the pellet durability index and the modified pellet durability index compared with the control (P ≤ 0.05). Moreover, manufacturing variables were not negatively affected (P > 0.05). In experiment 2, small inclusion amounts of protein (2%), in the form of soybean meal, and moisture (2 and 4%), in the form of tap water, improved the pellet durability index and the modified pellet durability index (P ≤ 0.05). Small inclusion amounts of fiber, in the form of oat hulls, negatively affected pellet quality and manufacturing variables. Ingredient interactions were not observed for manufacturing variables or pellet quality. These results demonstrate that small inclusion amounts of supplemental fiber (cellulose), protein (soy protein isolate or soybean meal), and moisture (tap water) can be used to ameliorate poor pellet quality.     

小麦的品种和产地属性分析

为研究产地和品种对小麦中营养组分含量的影响,对河南10个产地种植的4个品种的小麦中蛋白质、脂肪和淀粉含量进行了统计分析,结果表明,种植在不同产地的4个小麦品种,郑麦366的蛋白质含量平均值最高,为15.09%,且变异系数最小;脂肪含量平均值最高的是郑麦103,为1.88%,其变异系数也最高;淀粉含量平均值最高的是郑麦103,为72.63%,变异系数最大的是西农979,为1.71%。北部产区种植的小麦蛋白质含量高于南部产区,南部产区的脂肪含量相对较高。相比较而言,种植在不同产地的郑麦366其蛋白质含量和淀粉含量的变异系数均最小,蛋白质含量平均值为最高,在河南各地具有较好的地域适应性。     

脱锻炼期间不同观赏树种抗寒性与电阻抗参数和生理指标的关系

通过对电阻抗图谱(EIS)参数及抗性生理指标的测定,研究了6种不同观赏树木金枝国槐(Sophora japonica‘Golden Stem’)、蝴蝶槐(Sophora japonica var.loligpophylla)、西府海棠(Malus micromalus Mak.)、红宝石海棠(Malus spetabilis Royalty)、腊梅(Chimonanthus praecox(L.)Link)和大叶女贞(Ligustrun lucidumAit)的脱锻炼期间抗寒性的变化及与EIS参数和生理指标之间的相关性,为揭示不同观赏树种在脱锻炼期间抗寒机理提供理论依据。结果表明:脱锻炼期间,6种树种的茎EIS参数呈现出不同程度的变化趋势;可溶性淀粉和糖含量发生了明显的变化;抗寒性均呈下降趋势。6种树种的抗寒性与某些生理指标、EIS参数存在着一定的相关性。     

葛根全粉制备工艺研究

以新鲜葛根为原料,采用制片、干燥、粉碎等工艺制备葛根全粉,以全粉的碘蓝值、色泽为评价指标,研究了护色剂、护色时间、蒸煮时间和热风干燥温度对全粉品质的影响。结果表明,烘干温度是影响碘蓝值的主要因素;最佳制备工艺参数:护色剂及质量分数为0.35%柠檬酸和0.30%焦亚硫酸钠,护色时间60 min,蒸煮时间16 min,烘干温度60℃。     

明胶 卡拉胶及变性淀粉凝胶性能对比研究

分别研究了明胶、卡拉胶和变性淀粉的凝胶强度随浓度的变化,并对比3种材料在不同pH值、不同蔗糖浓度下凝胶强度的变化,为3种材料的进一步研究提供了基础数据。