抗菌肽与抗生素的体外抗菌效果比较

应用由 Hancock实验室改进的微量肉汤稀释法测定了 cecropin P1、cecropin A、magainin 2、defensin 1、bactenecin、lactoferricin和 indolicidin等 7种抗菌肽和盐酸金霉素、去甲万古霉素、土霉素、强力霉素等 4种抗生素的体外抗菌活性 ,并且使用薄层琼脂糖孔穴扩散法比较了抗菌肽中 cecropin P1和 cecropin A与土霉素和呋喃唑酮对大肠杆菌 K88的抑菌效果。结果发现 ,抗菌肽与抗生素一样对几种革兰氏阳性菌和阴性菌都有不同程度的抗菌效果。其中 cecropin A、cecropin P1和 defensin1对大肠杆菌的 2个菌株 ATCC2 5 92 2和 K88的抗菌活性高于抗生素 ,defensin1是各种抗菌肽中对金黄色葡萄球菌抗菌效果最好的。抗生素对试验用金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制活性总体上要好于抗菌肽。与抗生素相比 ,cecropin A、cecropin P1和 indolicidin对猪霍乱沙门氏菌和鼠伤寒沙门氏菌具有更好的抗菌效果。另外 ,抗菌肽的抑菌圈边缘十分清晰 ,而抗生素的整个抑菌圈都比较模糊且界线不明。因此 ,从抗菌效果方面考虑 ,抗菌肽可以代替抗生素用于疾病的预防和治疗     

粘粒含量——夏季风的良好替代指标

通过对位于东亚季风区尾闾部位的沙沟剖面、东部半湿润区王官剖面、东部湿润区扣马剖面的气候代用指标的分析发现 ,黄土地层中 <5 μm的粘粒含量指标对各剖面中黄土-古土壤序列指示得比较清晰 ,可以较好地反映东亚夏季风的变化。对黄土地层中粘粒含量的测试及其环境意义分析以及与经典的东亚夏季风的替代指标———磁化率、红度指标 (a )的对比分析发现 ,粘粒含量指标的意义比较明确 ,适应范围更广 ,灵敏性也较高 ,是一比较可靠的、新的东亚夏季风的良好替代指标。     

半滑舌鳎源美人鱼发光杆菌美人鱼亚种的分离鉴定

2016年5月河北省秦皇岛市昌黎县某海水养殖基地半滑舌鳎突发大批死亡,为了确定引起死亡的病原菌,无菌采集心血进行病原菌分离鉴定,16S rDNA基因序列分析与GenBank中公布的美人鱼发光杆菌参考株序列同源性为99.6%,被鉴定为美人鱼发光杆菌;进一步通过生化特性分析,被确认为美人鱼发光杆菌美人鱼亚种。动物回归试验结果表明,其对舌鳎鱼具有很强的致病性,其LD_(50)为3.1×10~4CFU/mL,且对哺乳动物具有致病性。药敏试验结果显示,分离菌对诺氟沙星、恩诺沙星、环丙沙星,乙酰甲喹高度敏感;对多西环素、阿米卡星中敏感;对庆大霉素、头孢曲松、替米考星等不敏感。     

PREVALENCE AND CHARACTERIZATION OF QUINOLONE RESISTANCE GENES IN PROTEUS SPECIES ISOLATED FROM PET TURTLES

Proteus spp. are widely recognized as opportunistic pathogens causing urinary tract and septic infections in humans and animals. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes and mutations in the quinolone resistance determining region in association with the detection of quinolone susceptibility of 24 strains of pet turtle-borne Proteus spp. Susceptibility of 4 antimicrobials including nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, and levofloxacin was examined by disk diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration test. Six isolates were resistant to nalidixic acid showing either intermediate resistance or resistance to other quinolones. All nalidixic acid, resistant isolates harbored mutations in gyrB (N440T/A401G/Q411S). Two of the isolates had both gyrA (S83I) and parC (S80I) mutations. Twenty-one isolates were positive for the presence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes; the qnrD gene had the highest prevalence with 19 (79.2%), while qnrS, qnrA, qnrB, and aac(6′), Ib-cr genes were present in 9 (37.5%), 2 (8.3%), 1 (4.2%), and 11 (45.8%) isolates, respectively. These results suggest that pet turtle-associated Proteus spp. should be considered a potential source of antimicrobial resistance determinants.     

1株山羊源海藻糖比伯斯坦杆菌的分离鉴定及药敏试验

为确定引起山羊肺炎的病原,本研究从病死山羊肺脏中分离纯化获得1株细菌,通过生化试验和分子生物学方法鉴定为海藻糖比伯斯坦杆菌。利用生物信息学软件MEGA6.0对巴氏杆菌科5个属细菌的白细胞毒素基因(lktA)和RNA聚合酶β亚基基因(rpoB)分别构建遗传系统发育树,可知分离株与海藻糖比伯斯坦杆菌(AF314526.2、CP003745.1、CP006955.1等)的lktA基因相似性最高,位于同一簇内;分离株和海藻糖比伯斯坦杆菌(CP006956.1、JACI01000002.1、CP003745.1等)的rpoB基因聚类为一簇,相似性最高;而与和葡萄糖苷曼氏杆菌(KU986490.1)的rpoB基因相似性最低。药敏试验显示,该菌对头孢噻肟、头孢他啶和环丙沙星等抗菌药物最敏感,对多西环素、阿莫西林和林可霉素等耐药。本研究为该菌致病机理的研究与疫苗的研发奠定了基础,也为临床用药提供了参考依据。     

凉州区奶牛乳房炎主要病原分离鉴定及药敏试验

乳房炎是奶牛最常见的疾病,随着奶牛产业的蓬勃发展,乳房炎已经成为制约该产业的瓶颈之一。从甘肃省武威市凉州区5个奶牛养殖场采集了1 000头荷斯坦奶牛共计3 991份奶样,对临床型和非临床型(隐性)乳房炎分别通过临床症状和兰州隐性乳房炎诊断液(LMT)进行诊断。结果显示:该地区奶牛临床型乳房炎发病率18.20%,亚临床型乳房炎发病率36.50%,总阳性率54.70%,总阳性乳区率54.72%。从阳性奶样中分离纯化得到的主要病原菌为链球菌属、金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌,且在不同类型乳房炎中的分布情况不同,临床型中链球菌属最多(54.37%),亚临床型中金黄色葡萄球菌最多(48.56%)。对主要病原菌进行药敏试验,结果表明治疗凉州区奶牛乳房炎的最佳药物应为喹诺酮类和庆大霉素类。     

Tilmicosin enteric granules and premix to pigs: Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and comparative pharmacokinetics

The purpose of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetics and relative bioavailability of tilmicosin enteric granules and premix after oral administration at a dose of 40 mg/kg in pigs. Three kinds of different respiratory pathogens were selected for determination of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) to tilmicosin. Eight healthy pigs were assigned to a two‐period, randomized crossover design. A modified rapid, sensitive HPLC method was used for determining the concentrations of tilmicosin in plasma. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by using WinNonlin 5.2 software. The MIC₉₀ of tilmicosin against Haemophilus parasuis, Actinbacillus pleuropneumoniae, and Pasteurella multocida were all 8 μg/ml. These results indicated that these common pig respiratory bacteria are sensitive to tilmicosin. The main parameters of time to reach maximum plasma concentration (T_max), elimination half‐life (t_1/2β), mean residence time (MRT), and apparent volume of distribution (V_F) were 2.03 ± 0.37 hr, 29.31 ± 5.56 hr, 25.22 ± 2.57 hr, 4.06 ± 1.04 L/kg, and 3.05 ± 0.08 hr, 17.06 ± 1.77 hr, 15.55 ± 1.37 hr, 2.95 ± 0.62 L/kg after the orally administrated tilmicosin enteric granules and premix. The relative bioavailability of tilmicosin enteric granules to premix was 114.97 ± 7.19%, according to the AUC_0‐t values. These results demonstrated that tilmicosin enteric granules produced faster tilmicosin absorption, slower elimination, larger tissue distribution, and higher bioavailability compared to the tilmicosin premix. The present study results manifest that tilmicosin enteric granules can be used as a therapeutic alternative to premix in clinical treatment.     

赛鸽源鸡杆菌复合群-3的分离鉴定与药敏试验

为分离鉴定引起辽宁省某赛鸽养殖场赛鸽患病及死亡的病原菌及其特性,本实验从采集的病死赛鸽肝脏、肺脏、脾脏、心脏等病料样品中分离到1株优势菌株,并对其进行常规形态学观察、生化鉴定、16S r DNA基因序列测定、动物致病性试验及药敏试验。结果显示,该菌属于鸡杆菌复合群-3,命名为HLD-1;动物致病性试验结果显示HLD-1对种鸽有一定的致病性。药敏试验结果显示,HLD-1对氨苄西林、头孢曲松敏感。本研究首次从辽宁省赛鸽分离得到鸡杆菌复合群-3,为进一步研究赛鸽源鸡杆菌复合群-3的致病机制奠定基础。     

猪传染性胸膜肺炎放线杆菌血清5型的分离鉴定

新疆奇台和昌吉市规模化猪场发生育肥猪急性死亡,疑似猪传染性胸膜肺炎,采集病料进行细菌的分离培养、PCR检测、药敏试验及小鼠致病性试验。结果分离获得猪胸膜肺炎放线杆菌奇台株2株,昌吉株1株。PCR分型鉴定均为血清5型。致病性试验显示,分离株均可致死小鼠。对氟苯尼考、头孢噻呋、恩诺沙星等抗生素敏感。结论,确诊病原为猪胸膜肺炎放线杆菌血清5型。血清5型已成为新疆地区致死率较高的流行血清型。     

Bright artificial light at night is associated with increased body mass,poor reproductive success and compromised disease tolerance in Australian budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus)

Artificial light at night (ALAN) can cause circadian disruption and result in adverse behavioral and ecological effects in free‐living birds, but studies on captive pet birds as companion animals have been infrequent. We studied the effects of exposure to bright ALAN on body mass, melatonin sulfate levels, reproduction and disease severity in Australian budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) kept in captivity. During the experiment, birds were kept under outdoor temperature, humidity and natural photoperiod from September to December. A total of 48 birds were equally split into 4 groups (6 mating pairs each) and concurrently exposed to ALAN of 200 lux with different duration (0, 30, 60 and 90 min). Monthly observations were recorded for all dependent parameters. ALAN exposure increased mass gain and suppressed melatonin levels in a dose‐dependent manner, especially during December. In addition, ALAN exposure in all duration groups decreased egg production and reduced hatchability from 61% ± 14% in the ALAN‐unexposed control group to 0% in the ALAN‐exposed birds. Disease severity was also found to increase in line with the duration of ALAN exposure. In captive M. undulatus, ALAN exposure was demonstrated to affect photoperiodic regulation with subsequent excess mass gain and reproduction impairment, and increased susceptibility to infections plausibly through duration dose‐dependent suppression of melatonin. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate a possible association between acute bright ALAN of increasing duration and both natural development of infections as well as reproductive cessation in captive birds. Our findings could be used to improve breeding conditions of captive birds.