White lupine as a beneficial crop in Southern Europe: I. Potential for N mineralization in lupine amended soil and yield and N2 fixation by white lupine

Two experiments were carried out at Pegões (central Portugal) to determine the potential N mineralization in a pulse amended disturbed and undisturbed soil incubated at several temperatures, and to evaluate for 2 years the yield and N₂ fixation capacity of sweet lupine (Lupinus albus L. cv. Estoril) inoculated with a mixture of rhizobia strains or nodulated by indigenous soil bacteria and submitted to conventional tillage or no-till practices. A completely randomized block design for soil mobilization with three replicates was used for the laboratory study, and completely randomized blocks for inoculation and tillage treatments with four replicates were used for the lupine yield and N₂ fixation experiment. Residue N immobilization occurred immediately after mature residue return to the soil independent of temperature, and was greater at 7 °C especially in the disturbed topsoil. Greater immobilization was also observed by doubling the amount of mature residue incorporated in the soil. This was expected since soil microorganisms would be in direct contact with the fresh organic matter and would be provided with more organic carbon under these circumstances. Nitrogen mineralization proceeded after 5 days of amendment. Potential N mineralization was higher at 25 °C than at 18 or 7 °C, for both conventional and no-till practices. At 25 °C, 42% of buried residue-¹⁵N was released over 210 days, at a smaller rate than 18 °C (49%) over 81 days. Lupine yield and N₂ fixation capacity were similar in plots that were not inoculated and those receiving the mixture of three rhizobia strains. White lupine had an efficient symbiosis with indigenous soil rhizobia at pod-filling (>99%, >100 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) which was not affected by tillage. At this stage, plant residue including visible roots and nodules accounted for a soil N input of +96 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ (91% of crop N), showing the large soil N benefit by the crop at this stage. The lupine residue at pod-filling stage can be used as a green manure under the conditions of organic farming systems. The apparent N “harvest” index of the pulse at pod-filling was only 9% though at maturity phase it should result in a higher value and the legume will show a lower fertilizer N value.     

海藻酸钙固定木霉分生孢子高效降解敌敌畏研究

成功建立了高效降解敌敌畏的海藻酸钙交联固定木霉AMT-28分生孢子体系.与固定化的菌丝或自由悬浮的菌丝相比,固定不同浓度分生孢子小球的敌敌畏降解能力均有显著提高,其中以每100 mL海藻酸钠-硅藻土悬液固定107个分生孢子小球的效果最佳.同时,孢子固定化小球在敌敌畏降解过程中保持了较高的储存稳定性和良好的重复使用性能.因此,此项技术必将在敌敌畏水污染处理方面得到广泛的应用.     

电化学酶传感器在有机磷农药残留检测中的应用

从识别有机磷农药的酶及识别机理、酶的固定化技术、酶固定化载体等不同角度,综述了有机磷农药电化学酶传感器的研究概况,并展望了其发展前景。     

重金属污染植烟土壤改良剂原位修复研究进展

为了从源头减少烟草重金属对人类健康的潜在危害,改良剂原位修复重金属污染植烟土壤方法因其成本低廉、操作方便,已经得到广泛研究。对土壤重金属有效性及土壤影响因素进行了探讨,对改良剂的分类进行了概述,同时综述了重金属污染植烟土壤改良剂作用机理。     

光合细菌固定化及其处理含油废水的研究

采用固定化光合细菌PSBRS(Rhodobacter sphaeroides)处理含油废水.比较了3种不同包埋材料固定化光合细菌处理含油废水的效果,对固定化光合细菌去除废水中油的工艺条件进行了优化,并分析了油降解后的脂肪酸成分.通过几种固定化工艺的比较,确定了2%沸石+2%海藻酸钠(CA)的凝胶剂组合作为共固定材料.结果表明,该同定化颗粒降解1 000mL含油废水的最佳使用条件为:好氧避光条件下,粒径4 mm,包埋比1:2,颗粒投加量10 g.6 d后含油废水中油、NH+4-N、PO3-4的去除率分别为80.1%、87.4%、96.3%.通过固定化光合细菌与游离态光合细菌对油去除率的比较,固定化光合细菌去油率达到74.95%,与游离态PSBRS(去油率为35.31%)相比,提高约50%以上.此外,分析了油降解后的脂肪酸成分,固定化光合细菌对脂肪酸的去除效果显著,为今后开展高效处理含油废水的微生物筛选和固定化技术研究奠定了基础.     

多金属污染农田土壤固化／稳定化修复研究进展

固化／稳定化剂修复农田土壤重金属污染简单易行、成本低廉且不破坏土壤结构,但不同的固化／稳定化剂对土壤、作物及重金属离子的修复效果各不相同。文章概述了几种固化／稳定化剂的修复效果及优缺点,探讨了固化,稳定化修复重金属污染的作用机制以及影响重金属固化／稳定化修复效果的主要因素,分析了固化／稳定化修复农田土壤重金属污染的局限性,并从不同角度提出了今后的发展方向。     

Soil microbial biomass and nitrogen supply in an irrigated lowland rice soil as affected by crop rotation and residue management

 Processes that govern the soil nitrogen (N) supply in irrigated lowland rice systems are poorly understood. The objectives of this paper were to investigate the effects of crop rotation and management on soil N dynamics, microbial biomass C (C_BIO) and microbial biomass N (N_BIO) in relation to rice N uptake and yield. A maize-rice (M-R) rotation was compared with a rice-rice (R-R) double-cropping system over a 2-year period with four cropping seasons. In the M-R system, maize (Zea mays L.) was grown in aerated soil during the dry season (DS) followed by rice (Oryza sativa L.) grown in flooded soil during the wet season (WS). In the R-R system, rice was grown in flooded soil in both the DS and WS. Three fertilizer N rates (0, 50 or 100 kg urea-N ha^–1 in WS) were assigned to subplots within the cropping system main plots. Early versus late crop residue incorporation following DS maize or rice were established as additional treatments in sub-subplots in the second year. In the R-R system, the time of residue incorporation had a large effect on NO₃ ^–-N accumulation during the fallow period and also on extractable NH₄ ⁺-N, rice N uptake and yield in the subsequent cropping period. In contrast, time of residue incorporation had little influence on extractable N in both the fallow and rice-cropping periods of the M-R system, and no detectable effects on rice N uptake or yield. In both cropping systems, C_BIO and N_BIO were not sensitive to residue incorporation despite differences of 2- to 3-fold increase in the amount of incorporated residue C and N, and were relatively insensitive to N fertilizer application. Extractable organic N was consistently greater after mid-tillering in M-R compared to the R-R system across N rate and residue incorporation treatments, and much of this organic N was α-amino N. We conclude that N mineralization-immobilization dynamics in lowland rice systems are sensitive to soil aeration as influenced by residue management in the fallow period and crop rotation, and that these factors have agronomically significant effects on rice N uptake and yield. Microbial biomass measurements, however, were a poor indicator of these dynamics. Received: 31 October 1997     

Control of nitrate leaching from a Nitrate Vulnerable Zone using paper mill waste

Abstract. The effects on nitrate leaching of incorporation of paper mill waste at three cultivation depths in fields previously cropped to iceberg lettuce and calabrese are reported. In the lettuce experiment, incorporation of 40 t DM paper mill waste/ha resulted in a decrease in N leaching (measured with suction cups) from 177 to 94 kg/ha (S.E._d= 23). Deep ploughing with and without paper waste increased N leaching from 105 kg/ha (normal ploughing or surface incorporation) to 172 kg/ha (S. E. _d= 27). Measurements of nitrate leaching using deep soil cores showed a less clear cut effect. Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions were very high immediately after paper waste was ploughed in to a depth of 35 cm. Non–significant increases in biomass N content were measured in the spring following paper waste application. There was no significant reduction in plant N uptake in subsequent crops. Removal of above–ground crop residues did not have a significant effect on nitrate leaching or N₂O losses. In the calabrese experiment, application of 40 t DM paper mill waste/ha followed by summer cropping with iceberg lettuce caused a decrease in N leaching (measured using deep soil cores) from 227 to 152 kg/ha (S. E._d= 22, mean of all cultivation treatments).     

多孔高分子载体固定化微生物厌氧流化床处理低浓度废水的研究

本文报道用厌氧流化床反应器处理低浓度有机废水的可行性研究结果。采用多孔高分子载体固定厌氧微生物和流态化技术强化传质过程,可克服低浓度有机废水甲烷化能力低的障碍。实验表明,在３５±１℃条件下,处理ＣＯＤ浓度为１６００ｍｇ／Ｌ的人工葡萄糖废水,床层最优膨胀率为５０％,容积有机负荷率为１９．２ｇＣＯＤ／（Ｌ·ｄ）,ＣＯＤ去除率达７０％;处理ＣＯＤ浓度为２２０～２５０ｍｇ／Ｌ的城市污水,容积有机负荷率为２．４～２．６ｇＣＯＤ／（Ｌ·ｄ）,ＣＯＤ去除率为５４％～５６％。     

光合细菌固定化及其处理黄泔水的研究

以PVA-硼酸混合载体法固定光合细菌处理黄泔水,探讨其对黄泔水处理的较佳工艺条件。结果表明：光合细菌的包埋条件为10％聚乙烯醇、4％SiO2、0．15％海藻酸钠和30％菌液。在好氧黑暗、pH值8．0、菌液接种量20％、装液量100mL条件下,固定化光合细菌处理黄泔水120h,其CODcr去除率为91％。