基于耦合协调度的大理河流域径流和输沙关系分析

深入研究流域水沙关系变化是解决黄河流域高质量发展关键问题的重要科学途径之一。自20世纪50年代以来,黄河中游地区实施了大规模的水土保持工程,径流和输沙显著减少,水沙关系发生变化。该研究利用Mann-Kendall趋势检验法分析了1960—2015年来大理河流域的径流输沙变化趋势,并构建基于耦合协调度理论和Pettitt检验方法的径流输沙关系变异诊断方法,识别大理河流域径流和输沙关系的突变点,并通过Copula方法进行验证。结果表明:1)大理河流域径流输沙在月尺度和年尺度呈现显著的下降趋势;2)大理河流域径流和输沙关系在1996年发生显著突变;3)径流输沙关系发生突变后,径流和输沙均明显减少,输沙的减少幅度比径流的减少幅度高29.19个百分点,径流对输沙贡献程度下降幅度为5.10%,单位径流的输沙能力降低;4)淤地坝建设和植被恢复是造成大理河流域水沙变化的主要因素,修建淤地坝和恢复植被对减少泥沙具有积极作用。研究成果可以为进一步深化理解大理河流域水沙关系变化以及水土流失治理提供依据。     

2008－2018年拉萨市温室蔬菜地时空变化特征

随着居民对蔬菜消费需求的不断提高，拉萨市温室蔬菜地得到快速发展，但对温室蔬菜地格局变化过程仍缺乏清楚的认识。该研究基于2008－2018年11期拉萨市高清遥感影像，结合实地调研，采用重心转移分析、地统计分析等方法，研究了2008－2018年拉萨市温室蔬菜地时空格局变化特征。结果表明：1）2008－2018年，拉萨市温室蔬菜地面积总体呈波动上升趋势，年均增长率为6.93%。研究时段内，温室蔬菜地变化经历了发展、调整、稳定三个阶段，各阶段年均变化率分别为11.08%、-2.13%和0.77%。2）研究时段内，拉萨市城关区和堆龙德庆区温室蔬菜地比例下降56.2%，达孜区和曲水县温室蔬菜地比例上升51.58%，温室蔬菜地分布重心向远离城区的城郊转移，向东南方向迁移了约4 896 m。3）新增温室蔬菜地向高海拔和大坡度区域转移，海拔3 675～3 800 m范围内温室蔬菜地面积比例由22.05%上升到30.41%，坡度6°～10°区域温室蔬菜地面积占比上升5.92%。4）温室蔬菜地新增源于耕地，减少多因为建设用地扩张。蔬菜需求量大和温室蔬菜收益高是温室蔬菜地面积增加的基本动力，区域土地利用调整是温室蔬菜地格局变化的重要推动力。     

A possible mechanism of mineral responses to elevated atmospheric CO2 in rice grains

Increasing attentions have been paid to mineral concentration decrease in milled rice grains caused by CO2 enrichment, but the mechanisms still remain unclear. Therefore, mineral(Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn and Mn) translocation in plant-soil system with a FACE(Free-air CO2 enrichment) experiment were investigated in Eastern China after 4-yr operation. Results mainly showed that:(1) elevated CO2 significantly increased the biomass of stem and panicle by 21.9 and 24.0%, respectively, but did not affect the leaf biomass.(2) Elevated CO2 significantly increased the contents of Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, and Mn in panicle by 61.2, 28.9, 87.0, 36.7, and 66.0%, respectively, and in stem by 13.2, 21.3, 47.2, 91.8, and 25.2%, respectively, but did not affect them in leaf.(3) Elevated CO2 had positive effects on the weight ratio of mineral/biomass in stem and panicle. Our results suggest that elevated CO2 can favor the translocation of Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, and Mn from soil to stem and panicle. The CO2-led mineral decline in milled rice grains may mainly attribute to the CO2-led unbalanced stimulations on the translocations of minerals and carbohydrates from vegetative parts(e.g., leaf, stem, branch and husk) to the grains.     

K326烟叶调制过程中草酸与丙二酸的变化

为改善烟气的吸味和香气品质,以云南省主栽品种K326为材料,研究了不同温湿度调制组合对草酸、丙二酸含量的影响。结果表明:调制后,能提高烟叶内草酸和丙二酸含量,上中下部叶的平均增幅分别为9.03mg/g和1.84mg/g;在调制的前48h,草酸、丙二酸合成较慢,72h后,合成较快,并且采用低温低湿有利于其合成,高温高湿则抑制合成。因此,烟叶调制变黄、定色和干筋期采用低温低湿的烘烤策略有利于草酸、丙二酸的合成。     

Decreasing of methanogenic activity in paddy fields via lowering ponding water temperature: A modeling investigation

Methane (CH₄) is a potent greenhouse gas and the huge CH₄ fluxes emitted from paddy fields can prejudice the eco-compatibility of rice cultivation. CH₄ production in submerged rice crops is known to be highly influenced by water temperature. Hence, lowering ponding water temperature (LPWT) could be an option to mitigate CH₄ emissions from paddy environments when it is possible either to irrigate with slightly colder water or to increase ponding water depth. However, paddy soil is a complex environment in which many processes are simultaneously influenced by temperature, leading to a difficult prediction of LPWT effects. For this reason, LPWT efficiency is here theoretically investigated with a one-dimensional process-based model that simulates the vertical and temporal dynamics of water temperature in soil and the fate of chemical compounds that influence CH₄ emissions. The model is validated with literature measured data of CH₄ emissions from a paddy field under time-variable temperature regime. Based on modeling results, LPWT appears promising since the simulated reduction of CH₄ emissions reaches about −12% and −49% for an LPWT equal to −5 °C during the ripening stage only (last 30 days of growing season, when rice is less sensitive to temperature variations) and −2 °C over the whole growing season, respectively. LPWT affects CH₄ emissions either directly (decreasing methanogenic activity), indirectly (decreasing activity of bacteria using alternative electron acceptors), or both. The encouraging results provide the theoretical ground for further laboratory and field studies aimed to investigate the LPWT feasibility in paddy environments.     

基于无人机多光谱遥感的冬小麦叶绿素含量反演及监测

旨在实现冬小麦各生育期叶绿素含量的准确估测,探究其时空变化规律。利用无人机获取冬小麦越冬期、返青期、拔节期、孕穗期和灌浆期的高分辨率多光谱图像,同时采集地面SPAD数据。选取三类光谱参数建立反演模型,优选出各生育期的最佳预测模型,并定量监测试验区冬小麦叶绿素含量时间变化和空间分布。结果表明：原始波段模型和波段倒数对数模型分别为越冬期及其他生育期叶绿素含量预测的最佳模型,拟合精度R²>0.59;时空分布上,灌浆期前试验区冬小麦叶绿素含量呈南北高、中部低特点,灌浆期则呈北高南低的趋势,叶绿素含量从越冬期到拔节期逐步增加,拔节期到孕穗期开始降低,孕穗期到灌浆期则大幅度降低。本研究建立的倒数对数预测模型,精度较高,且适用于返青到灌浆的4个生育期,对于试验区冬小麦叶绿素含量有较好的时空监测效果。     

8℃相变蓄冷技术

指出了自“十二五”规划以来,可持续发展和能源结构转型成为我国政府工作的重中之重,合理利用能源为人类社会创造更加美好的现代生活已经成为社会的共识。蓄冷技术能够按需实现能量的存储和释放,从宏观上起到“移峰填谷”平衡电网的作用;我国电力系统实行分时计价政策,从微观上可以利用峰谷电价差为用户节省制冷系统的运行费用。8℃相变蓄冷技术兼备了传统水蓄冷和冰蓄冷的优点,具有蓄冷密度大、系统简单的突出优点,是当前蓄冷技术研究和应用的前沿方向,市场前景十分广阔。     

气候变化对呼伦贝尔草地地上生物量的影响

基于温、压、湿、风等主要气象资料,结合生长季逐月的地上生物量实测数据,分析气候变化及气候年型对牧草产量形成的影响,结果表明：（1）两站降水量呈波动变化,无明显的变化趋势;（2）额尔古纳和鄂温克的年均气温呈显著升高的趋势,气温倾向率分别为0.348℃/10 a、0.444℃/10 a,增温速率均明显高于同期中国东北地区,其中,鄂温克的增温速率高于中国增温最迅速的青藏地区;（3）额尔古纳和鄂温克潜在蒸散量呈波动升高的趋势;（4）两站湿润度呈显著的波动下降趋势,气候呈较明显的变干燥趋势;（5）湿润状况影响两站地上生物量形成,气候偏旱年草原地上生物量的形成会受到显著的抑制,两站草地地上生物量均与当月及上个月的湿润度指数呈线性回归关系。