Frequency and timing of stem removal influence Corylus americana resprout vigor in oak savanna

Shrubs are an important component of many ecosystems, contributing to spatial and resource heterogeneity and adding to life form and species diversity. Many shrub species have adapted to regular disturbances such as fire by resprouting after stem removal. The relative vigor with which shrubs resprout influences post-disturbance size and density of individuals and thus, can alter community structure. However, little is known about how disturbance frequency and seasonality influence resprouting. We studied resprout vigor of the native shrub American hazel (Corylus americana Walter) in oak savanna in Minnesota, USA. We measured resprout growth of individual shrubs in response to the frequency and timing of clipping in relatively open and shaded conditions. We hypothesized that resprouting of C. americana would be negatively related to clip frequency, due to more rapid depletion of stored resources necessary for resprouting, and positively related to light availability. In 12 weeks following a single clipping, shrubs recovered 82% of the lost stem biomass in open savanna, but only 17% in shaded forest. In both open and closed sites, shrubs clipped three times or more resprouted only 10-15% as much biomass as those clipped once. Moreover, the timing of clipping had as large an effect on resprout potential as the number of clipping events, and small differences in timing were important. Plants clipped once in mid or late June or in July regrew 57, 17, and 8% as much biomass, respectively in the six weeks following clipping as those clipped in early June. These results illustrate that both the timing and number of disturbance events within a growing season can strongly influence shrub growth, which can have important implications for ecosystem structure, function, and management.     

低磷条件下熊猫豆光合特性及碳水化合物累积变化研究

利用水培方法研究了熊猫豆对低磷胁迫随时间的生理响应.结果表明,磷胁迫下熊猫豆根系最大根长增加46％;但叶片面积变小,且发育延迟.缺磷时熊猫豆幼苗叶片光合速率、气孔导度、叶绿素含量以及蒸腾速率均下降,但是胞间CO2上升;缺磷植株还原性糖、可溶性总糖含量均降低,但是还原糖向根系的分配比例增加;缺磷植株根系活力上升、酸性磷酸...     

Effect of Leaf Sugar and Starch Concentrations on Apparent Photosynthesis in Alfalfa

Rates of apparent photosynthesis (AP), dark respiration, photorespiration, mesophyll resistance, and concentrations of soluble starch, sugars, chlorophyll and nitrogen were measured in alfalfa leaves ( Medicago sativa L.) grown under high or low light levels in an attempt to evaluate the effect of nonstructural carbohydrate concentration on net CO₂ assimilation.
Leaf N and chlorophyll levels of high light plants exceeded those of low-light plants. Constant light increased both starch and sugar levels in low-light plants, but had little effect on high-light plants. Rates of AP declined in low-light plants upon transfer to constant light conditions, apparently due to increases in stomatal and mesophyll resistance. Leaf starch levels were negatively correlated (P > 0.05) with rates of AP and positively correlated with mesophyll resistance in both groups of plants but leaf sugar content was not correlated with either AP or mesophyll resistance.
Starch and sugar levels of high-light plants declined substantially upon transfer to constant darkness, while low-light plants were less affected. Rates of AP declined in both groups of plants due to increases in both mesophyll and stomatal resistances. Neither sugar nor starch levels were correlated with AP or mesophyll conductance in this treatment.
The data support the hypothesis of feedback inhibition of photosynthesis, mediated through an increase in mesophyll resistance, which is associated with high levels of starch in the leaves.     

油菜、荞麦根分泌物中糖及有机酸组分的研究

利用连续流动收集系统收集了油菜、荞麦根分泌物，对介质ｐＨ变化、分泌物中碳水化合物组成及有机酸进行了测定。结果表明，荞麦、油菜生长介质中ｐＨ值变化的差异反映了它们泌质子能力的差异。在油菜分泌物中检测出高水平的鼠李糖，在荞麦中则是阿拉伯糖含量最高。草酸、琥珀酸是两种作物根分泌物的主要有机酸。苹果酸、柠檬酸在油菜根分泌物中没有检测出。     

"火红鸟"赫蕉采后处理方法对其瓶插寿命的影响

观测"火红鸟"切花采收后不同离水时间和杀茵剂、糖类等不同处理对"火红鸟"瓶插寿命的影响.结果表明:切花采收离水30min后,其瓶插寿命即受明显影响;100-120mg/Kg的漂白粉溶液能使"火红鸟"的瓶插寿命延长3d,糖类不能延长"火红鸟"切花的瓶插寿命.     

早熟猕猴桃结实期形态变化与营养代谢

猕猴桃品种黄皮５月中旬坐果，６月果实迅速膨大，７月下旬种子发育成形，８月中下旬种子发育成熟，９月中下旬最适采收。此期间果内组织发育、形态变化及密度均已稳定，果重、体积、蛋白质、可溶性糖等数量均达最大值，维生素ｃ含量正由低峰值回升至（１１．４８±０．３５）ｍｇ·ｇ￣（－１）。不同采收期的果实也以９月中旬食用品质较好。确定采收期的相应参考指标是：果内种皮变黑，中果皮为浅绿色，外果皮淡茶褐色，上附橙黄色星状毛，蛋白质积累量（４．７±０．８４）％，可溶性糖含量（８．５±０．２）％，维生素Ｃ（１．４８±０．３５）ｍｇ·ｇ￣（－１），可溶性固形物６．５％～７．５％。     

Recent developments in our knowledge of potato transgenic biology

Summary Transgenic potato plants are being generated world-wide to assess the impact of transgene expression (sense and/or antisense) on parameters as diverse as yield, quality, stress physiology and pest/disease resistance. Strategies for alternative uses of the potato crops by diverting metabolism into high value products or by expressing recombinant proteins are also being explored. Results obtained are often surprising although the science of plant molecular biology is relatively young. Whilst the outcome of any transgenic approach is by no means certain, this review provides sufficient examples to illustrate the versatility and applicability of transgenic biology in potato improvement.     

Unavailable carbohydrates in common bean cotyledon (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Canario group

Unavailable carbohydrates in cotyledon flour were quantified from four varieties of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L) belonging to the Canario group. The pectin content, as percentage of anhydrogalacturonic acid, ranged between 1.57% and 2.3%. Percentages of hemicellulose A and B were similar, with average values of 2.81% and 2.61%, respectively. The polysaccharide extracted with 10% trichloroacetic acid was determined; its yield was 3.17%. This value dropped to 2.35% when the cotyledon flour was previously hydrolyzed with polygalacturonase. The average value of cellulose was 1.36%.     

Nitrogen,Phosphorus and Potassium Fertilization Interactions on the Photosynthesis of Containerized Citrus Nursery Trees

The objective of this research was to evaluate the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) fertilizer effect on the development of ‘Valencia’ sweet orange nursery trees budded on Rangpur lime rootstocks in a greenhouse using containers. The experiment was a complete (1/5) 5³ factorial randomized blocks design. Treatments comprised five concentrations (g per plant) of N (1.25; 6.25; 11.25; 16.25; 21.25); K (0.42; 3.75; 6.22; 9.34; 12.45); and P (0.19; 0.89; 1.59; 2.29; 2.99). Carbon dioxide assimilation rate (A), transpiration rate (E), stomata conductance (g_s), and internal carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration (Ci) and water use efficiency (WUE). Reducing sugar, sucrose and starch were evaluated. Response functions were adjusted and nutrient rates for maximum yield were presented. The results indicated that the high levels of N (>16.25 g per plant) interferes negatively on photosynthesis. Potassium at intermediate fertilization levels (from 3.75 to 6.22 g per plant) had positive effects on photosynthesis. But P had little interference on photosynthesis. Carbohydrates levels were not related to nutrients fertilized.     

Response of Two Olive Cultivars to Salt Stress and Potassium Supplement

ABSTRACT

The effects of saline water containing 0, 50, 100, and 150 mM sodium chloride (NaCl), and 100 mM NaCl + 100 mM potassium (K) on photosynthesis, water relations, and ion and carbohydrate content of olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars ‘Koroneiki’ and ‘Mastoidis’ were studied on five-year-old trees. Salinity increased sodium (Na⁺) and chloride (Cl^?) in tissues of both cultivars, but more so in ‘Koroneiki’ than in ‘Mastoidis.’ Salt-toxicity symptoms were observed at 100 and 150 mM, but not in plants receiving extra K. In salt-stressed plants, leaf water potential declined, whereas turgor potential remained positive due to a rapid decrease in osmotic potential. Salinity increased mannitol content up to 41.3% in ‘Mastoidis’ and 15.8% in ‘Koroneiki’, but reduced starch content in leaves. Photosynthetic rates fell significantly with increasing salinity in both cultivars, but more so in ‘Koroneiki’ than in ‘Mastoidis’. Potassium supplements reduced the concentration of Na⁺ and increased the concentrations of K⁺ in leaves, but decreased photosynthesis.