基于离散元的玉米种子颗粒模型种间接触参数标定

由于EDEM(离散元法)中建立的玉米种子颗粒模型与实际玉米种子在外形、表面粗糙度等方面存在差异,若直接将实际测量的物性参数引入EDEM中进行仿真,会出现仿真失真的情况。针对此问题,该文提出一种建立数学回归模型主动寻找目标参数的方法,简化标定过程,将仿真试验和真实试验相结合,对玉米种子颗粒模型的种间静摩擦系数和滚动摩擦系数两个关键参数进行标定,使其在EDEM中建立的玉米种子颗粒重新获得与真实颗粒相近的物理特性。利用两种接触材料(有机玻璃板与铝质圆筒)进行玉米种子堆积角仿真试验,建立两个自变量为种间静摩擦系数、种间滚动摩擦系数的二元回归方程。以实际测量种群堆积角作为已知目标量进行数值求解,求得EDEM中玉米种间静摩擦系数和滚动摩擦系数这两个目标参数:玉米种间静摩擦系数为0.0338,玉米种间滚动摩擦系数为0.0021。将标定的玉米种子物性参数输入EDEM中进行仿真试验,通过提取关键特征尺寸和图像边界将试验结果与实际试验结果进行对比,结果表明:关键特征尺寸数值差异在4.70%以内,标定后的玉米种子堆积角边界与实际情况更接近,提高了仿真结果的可靠性。     

新型FDR土壤水盐一体传感器标定研究与应用

运用新型频域反射(FDR)技术和分频技术,实现传感器水盐同时测量。因土壤质地、容重等差异,土壤水盐标定是利用FDR监测土壤水盐过程中的必要环节。以东北壤土为试验对象,利用"由湿到干,由小到大"的土壤水盐运动规律,通过土柱试验,用烘干法和土壤溶液电导率法对FDR进行室内标定研究。同时,将时域反射(TDR)式水盐传感器作为对照系,进行稳定性、精准度比较。结果表明:1)经土壤水分标定曲线校正后,FDR式水盐一体传感器具有很高的测量精度,可达±1%~3%;2)在土壤里对同一水盐含量进行百次重复测定,TDR传感器水分平均值为20.07%,相对标准偏差为0.18%;盐分(电导率)平均值为0.29 m S/cm,相对标准偏差为11.06%;新型FDR传感器水分平均值为20.08%,相对标准差为0.21%;盐分(电导率)平均值为0.31m S/cm,相对标准差为8.49%。新型FDR土壤水盐一体传感器可用于农田土壤连续水盐监测,提供稳定、精确的基础数据,结合数据分析软件,指导种植生产。     

Assessment of nickel's sufficiency critical levels in cultivated soils,employing commonly used calibration techniques

Although Ni has been officially recognized as an essential micronutrient for all higher plants since 2004, research on assessing its sufficiency critical levels with different soil tests is missing in the literature. The objective of the study was to determine Ni critical levels in unpolluted cultivated soils utilizing four methods, employing three commonly used calibration techniques. Ten soils with different physical–chemical properties and low Ni content were treated with Ni at rates of 1, 2, 4, and 8 mg kg^?1. After equilibration for one month, the soils were analyzed for extractable Ni by four methods, namely DTPA, AB‐DTPA, AAAc‐EDTA, and Mehlich‐3. Response to soil‐applied Ni was assessed by a greenhouse pot experiment, with the untreated and Ni‐treated soils in three replications, using ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). The aboveground biomass of ryegrass was harvested two months after sowing, dry weight of biomass was measured and relative biomass yield was calculated. Nickel's critical levels were determined employing the: (a) graphical technique of Brown and co‐workers, (b) Mitscherlich–Bray equation, and (c) Cate and Nelson graphical technique. According to the first technique, Ni critical levels were ≈ 2 mg kg^?1 for the DTPA and AB‐DTPA methods, and 6.0 and 5.3 mg kg^?1 for the AAAc‐EDTA and Mehlich‐3 methods, respectively. Similar levels were obtained by the Mitscherlich–Bray equation. However, the critical levels assessed by the Cate and Nelson technique were lower and ranged from 0.5 to 1.3 mg kg^?1 for all four methods. Conclusively, Ni sufficiency critical levels for all four methods are expected to range at levels of a few mg Ni kg^?1 of soil. As far as the three calibration techniques are concerned, a distinct boundary between Ni response and non‐response was accomplished by none. However, the fact that 60–74% of the soils were correctly separated into responsive and non‐responsive to added Ni by the graphical technique of Brown and co‐workers suggests that this is the most suitable technique.     

Responses of gross primary productivity to different sizes of precipitation events in a temperate grassland ecosystem in Inner Mongolia,China

Changes in the sizes of precipitation events in the context of global climate change may have profound impacts on ecosystem productivity in arid and semiarid grasslands. However, we still have little knowledge about to what extent grassland productivity will respond to an individual precipitation event. In this study, we quantified the duration, the maximum, and the time-integrated amount of the response of daily gross primary productivity(GPP) to an individual precipitation event and their variations with different sizes of precipitation events in a typical temperate steppe in Inner Mongolia, China. Results showed that the duration of GPP-response(τR) and the maximum absolute GPP-response(GPPmax) increased linearly with the sizes of precipitation events(Pes), driving a corresponding increase in time-integrated amount of the GPP-response(GPPtotal) because variations of GPPtotal were largely explained by τR and GPPmax. The relative contributions of these two parameters to GPPtotal were strongly Pes-dependent. The GPPmax contributed more to the variations of GPPtotal when Pes was relatively small(20 mm), whereas τR was the main driver to the variations of GPPtotal when Pes was relatively large. In addition, a threshold size of at least 5 mm of precipitation was required to induce a GPP-response for the temperate steppe in this study. Our work has important implications for the modeling community to obtain an advanced understanding of productivity-response of grassland ecosystems to altered precipitation regimes.     

有效降水指数在暴雨洪涝监测和评估中的应用

科学有效的监测和评估是防范和减轻暴雨洪涝灾害的重要基础。基于有效降水指数(EP)构建单站和区域暴雨洪涝监测、评估指标,利用1961-2014年湖北省76站逐日气象观测资料及相关灾情资料,确定降水衰减参数及致涝阈值,在此基础上分析EP指数在历史暴雨洪涝评估及实时暴雨洪涝过程监测中的应用效果。结果表明：经参数率定后的EP指数对农作物洪涝受灾面积的解释方差达78.1%,对年际间暴雨洪涝强度差异反应敏感,能识别历史典型大涝年和严重洪涝年,在2014年实时暴雨洪涝过程监测中能直观诊断出一般性暴雨洪涝的起止时间和过程动态变化,但对局地性和间歇性发生的暴雨洪涝过程刻画不足。创建EP指数所需数据资料少、计算简便,可用于洪涝灾害历史排位、年景评价、灾情预评估、风险区划以及作物产量建模等。     

基于颗粒缩放理论的沙棘茶毫离散元参数标定

为解决沙棘叶茶茶毫离散元仿真中缺乏准确接触参数的问题,利用物理和仿真休止角堆积试验标定茶毫接触参数;将茶毫颗粒简化为软质球形颗粒,通过量纲分析和颗粒缩放理论将茶毫空气动力学当量粒径从231.37μm放大至1.8 mm。利用EDEM软件,选定“Hertz–Mindlin with JKR”接触模型,以休止角为响应值,通过Plackett-Burman试验筛选出对休止角影响最显著的3个参数：茶毫-茶毫恢复系数、茶毫-茶毫滚动摩擦系数、茶毫-不锈钢滚动摩擦系数;利用最陡爬坡试验,确定各参数最佳取值范围;根据Box-Behnken试验建立并优化3个显著性参数与休止角的二阶回归方程,对回归方程进行寻优求解。得到3个显著性参数的最优组合：茶毫-茶毫恢复系数为0.159,茶毫-茶毫滚动摩擦系数为0.290,茶毫-不锈钢滚动摩擦系数为0.239。通过对比休止角仿真试验值与物理试验值,二者相对误差为1.97%,表明仿真试验预测效果良好。     

径流曲线数模型(SCS-CN)参数λ在黄土丘陵区的率定

径流曲线敷模型(SCS-CN)用来计算降雨形成的地表径流量,参数λ是模型中的重要参数之一.本文在对径流曲线数模型参λ敏感性分析的基础上,应用黄土丘陵区径流场62场实测降雨资料对参数λ与地表坡度关系进行了定量分析.结果表明,曲线教模型所描述的参数λ=0.2适合于黄土丘陵缓坡地,参数λ随着坡度的增大而减小;同时用实测降雨资料进行标定模型验证,得出径流量的预测值与实测值接近,其效率系数E=0.94,与直接运用模型计算径流量比较,效率系数有较显著提高.     

SWAT模型在黄土丘陵区参数敏感度分析及率正研究

SWAT模型是基于水文过程的、具有很强物理机制的流域分布式水文模型。应用SWAT模型,结合1986—2000年罗玉沟流域实测水文资料对径流进行模拟,并进行了模型参数敏感度分析和率正。通过敏感度分析,辨析出影响该流域产流模拟结果精度的主要参数因子,如径流曲线数CN2等。依据上述结论调整参数值,对模型进行了率正和验证,得出率正期的相对误差为14.0%,R²为96.1%,Nash—Suttcliffe系数为0.89;验证期的相对误差为8.8%,R²为91.5%,Nash—Suttcliffe系数为0.82。结果表明实测流量和模拟流量的线性回归系数和模型的效率系数满足模型模拟的要求,SWAT模型适用于该研究区域。     

三维荧光二阶校正测定细胞培养基样中山姜素

建立了细胞培养基样中山姜素的定量测定方法．将三维激发发射荧光分别与化学计量学中基于平行因子分析(PARAFAC)算法和自加权交替三线性分解(SWATLD)算法的二阶校正方法相结合,当选取待分析体系组分数为2时,得到细胞培养基样中山姜素的平均回收率分别为(100.3±2.2) %,(100.1±2.2) %．两种算法所得检出限各为0.182 3 μg·mL-1,0.178 1 μg·mL-1．椭圆置信区间(EJCR)测试证明两种算法所得结果准确可靠．     

基于优化算法的新安江模型参数的估计

【目的】解决传统优化算法在新安江模型参数估计中存在的早熟、收敛速度慢和易陷入局部最优等问题。【方法】在标准PSO算法的基础上,引入小生境和交叉选择算子,对寻优过程中粒子的个体历史最好位置进行多样化处理,提出基于小生境和交叉选择算子的粒子群算法(NCSPSO),建立基于NCSPSO算法的新安江模型参数估计数学模型,并给出具体求解步骤。最后将该方法在具体流域的洪水预报中进行应用。【结果】NCSPSO算法计算时间短,参数估计精度大大提高,且预报结果均达到了规范要求。【结论】NCSPSO算法为新安江模型参数估计提供了一条新途径。