牧草抗旱机理与节水灌溉技术研究

在干旱、半干旱地区，牧草因长期处于亏水环境中，形成了一定的抗性，存在一个较宽的对水分利用相对较高的生理耗水阈值。木文从这一水分生理角度出发，在充分研究牧草生理生态适旱系列变化过程的基础上，确定了几种干旱半干旱草地的经济耗水量，并制定出相应的经济灌溉制度。     

麦秆湿解反应水溶液循环对固形产物的影响

为了减少生物质湿解过程的排放和水的消耗,以麦秆为原料,麦秆湿解水溶液为溶剂,在高温高压反应釜中,进行了反应温度为220℃,停留时间为120 min条件下的水循环湿解实验研究,并结合X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)和热重分析仪的检测分析结果对使用循环水作为溶剂时的麦秆湿解固体产物的微晶结构、化学组成和热稳定性进行了深入分析。研究发现,随水循环次数的增加,固体产物产率和固碳率逐渐增加,同使用新鲜水的麦秆湿解实验相比较,水循环第6次时,固体产物产率和固碳率分别增加至78.7%和92.4%;麦秆湿解固体的有序化程度亦随水循环次数的增加而增加,微晶结构接近于石墨化的程度逐渐提高,有机官能团和脂肪族结构逐渐减少,芳香化和炭化程度逐渐提高;热重分析表明,麦秆湿解固体热稳定性较好,并随水循环次数的增加,热稳定性逐渐增强。麦秆湿解反应水溶液循环利用有益于固体目标产物的生成,并可改善产物的理化特性。     

低压管道环状管网水力计算

本文对环状管网运行中仅开启一个出水口的水力计算方法进行了探讨。计算出了特征长度系数、平均特征长度系数和最大特征长度系数,并将其排成数表供直接查用。同时计算出了双环管网平均和最大特征长度系数的回归方程,经比较,本文提出的计算方法简单、可靠,便于设计中应用。     

河北二季作区马铃薯节水灌溉研究初报

为研究河北二季作区马铃薯整个生育期不同灌水量对其生长发育的影响,以该地主栽品种为材料,根据不同生育期需水规律,设定5个不同水量梯度的滴灌处理和1个常规沟灌处理(CK);调查分析了不同处理间物候期、重要农艺性状、病害发生情况和产量等相关指标。结果表明,处理3(采用滴灌模式,水量为110 m3)与常规沟灌相比,马铃薯生长势、总产量和商品薯产量无显著差异,生育期提前,病害较轻,商品薯率提高7.2%,节水35.41%,综合表现优于其他处理,为试验地区最佳灌水量。     

Influence of P and K fertilization on Phytophthora root rot or excess soil water injury of alfalfa cultivars

Abstract

Phytophthora root rot (PRR) is an important disease of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) in wet soils. Excess soil water (ESW) stress is required for the successful infection and development of PRR. The effects of P at 0, 40, and 80 μg.g^‐1 soil and K at 0, 120, and 240 μg.g^‐1 soil (in factorial combinations) on the severity of PRR or ESW stress was investigated on a PRR‐susceptible (Iroquois) and a resistant (Oneida) alfalfa cultivar in a greenhouse trial. P and K applications significantly increased the dry weight of tops prior to imposition of PRR or ESW stress. However, plants subjected to PRR or ESW stress did not respond significantly to P or K and there was no significant effect of P or K on the severity of PRR or ESW injury. The plants subjected to PRR or ESW stress had lower tissue P concentration than those under stress‐free conditions. Increasing P additions resulted in a significant increase in P concentration of Iroquois plants, while in Oneida the response was non‐significant. The response of K concentration in the plant to increasing K additions was dependant on P levels.     

Effects of different soil conservation tillage approaches on soil nutrients,water use and wheat-maize yield in rainfed dry-land regions of North China

Excessive tillage compromises soil quality by causing severe water shortages that can lead to crop failure. Reports on the effects of conservation tillage on major soil nutrients, water use efficiency and gain yield in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) in rainfed regions in the North China Plain are relatively scarce. In this work, four tillage approaches were tested from 2004 to 2012 in a randomized study performed in triplicate: one conventional tillage and three conservation tillage experiments with straw mulching (no tillage during wheat and maize seasons, subsoiling during the maize season but no tillage during the wheat season, and ridge planting during both wheat and maize seasons). Compared with conventional tillage, by 2012, eight years of conservation tillage treatments (no tillage, subsoiling and ridge planting) resulted in a significant increase in available phosphorus in topsoil (0–0.20 m), by 3.8%, 37.8% and 36.9%, respectively. Soil available potassium was also increased following conservation tillage, by 13.6%, 37.5% and 25.0%, and soil organic matter by 0.17%, 5.65% and 4.77%, while soil total nitrogen was altered by −2.33%, 4.21% and 1.74%, respectively. Meanwhile, all three conservation tillage approaches increased water use efficiency, by 19.1–28.4% (average 24.6%), 10.1–23.8% (average 15.9%) and 11.2–20.7% (average 15.7%) in wheat, maize and annual, respectively. Additionally, wheat yield was increased by 7.9–12.0% (average 10.3%), maize yield by 13.4–24.6% (average 17.4%) and rotation annual yield by 12.3–16.9% (average 14.1%). Overall, our findings demonstrate that subsoiling and ridge planting with straw mulching performed better than conventional tillage for enhancing major soil nutrients and improving grain yield and water use efficiency in rainfed regions in the North China Plain.     

栽培槽大小对日光温室架式栽培番茄生长发育、水肥利用和产量品质的影响

利用封闭式循环供液高架栽培系统,研究了栽培槽大小(横切面宽度×深度:20cm×10cm,20cm×15cm,20cm×20cm)和钵栽(直径12cm×高10cm,基质容积1L)对架式栽培番茄(3穗果摘心)生长发育、水肥利用及产量品质的影响。结果表明:与钵栽相比,槽栽促进番茄植株生长,增加产量,但开花和采收时间延迟,果实品质下降,水肥利用效率降低;随着栽培槽体积的增大,植株生长旺盛,干物质积累量增加,但水肥利用效率降低,果实品质下降,不同大小栽培槽处理间水分利用效率和单株产量差异不显著。综合产量、品质及水肥利用效率等指标,番茄架式栽培槽大小以20cm×10cm为宜。     

江南桤木育苗技术的研究

本文研究了江南桤木不同播种量和不同水分管理方法的育苗效果。结果表明，播种量以45kg／hm2量为宜，苗木高生长、地径生长和优质苗产量均优于其他几种处理方法；水分管理以“湿管法”育苗效果最好，苗木的高生长、地径生长和优质苗产量与“水管法”、常规育苗方法间均存在显著差异。     

阆中锦屏书院的园林艺术特色

锦屏书院为阆中四大书院之首,距今已有近500年历史。通过简述书院变迁的历史过程,分析其选址、布局、理水等方面的园林艺术特色,以期为复原书院旧貌、重现昔日盛况提供理论参考依据。     

基于水资源循环经济理念的新疆生态环境可持续发展初探

借鉴循环经济的理念,在丰富和发展水资源循环经济4R原则与内涵的基础上,初步探讨实现新疆生态环境可持续发展的必要途径。