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排序方式: 共有195条查询结果,搜索用时 281 毫秒
91.
A.L. GarcÍa R. Madrid N. Nicolás V. >MartÍnez J.A. >Franco 《The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology》2013,88(4):664-670
SummaryThe effect of different doses of nitrogen on water stress in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. ‘Royesta’) plants grown in a sandy soil and exposed, or not, to long-term water stress was studied. Nitrogen dose treatments consisted of Hoagland’s solution (N1 treatment), Hoagland’s solution + 40 mM NO3– (N2 treatment), or Hoagland’s solution + 80 mM NO3– (N3 treatment) applied every 3 d, for a total of seven applications following plant establishment. Subsequently, daily application of 80% (stressed) or 100% (unstressed) of the water evapotranspired by control plants the previous day was combined, factorially, with the three nitrogen treatments, for a period of 2 weeks. The leaf fresh weight (FW) at full turgor:leaf dry weight (DW) ratio was high in plants under the N1 and N3 stress treatments, with no significant difference between them soon after the start and at the end of the water stress treatment. However, the N2 treatment produced a significant increase in the ratio in well-watered plants, but not in water-stressed plants at the end of the stress period. The surface area per leaf was greater in stressed than in control plants, except for N2. Leaf water potential was greatly reduced in stressed N2 and N3 plants, but was unaltered in their well-watered counterparts. The significant increases in relative water content at the turgor loss point (around 3%) and in cell membrane rigidity (an increase of more than 125% in the bulk modulus of elasticity) clearly indicate an osmotic adjustment in stressed N2 plants, confirming that this N dose moderated the effects of the water stress imposed on N2 plants. 相似文献
92.
This study investigated the irrigation water requirements (IWR) for corn in five provinces of the coastal region of Ecuador that have been influenced by climate change. The weather data were statistically downscaled from six General Circulation Models and compared with the current climate period from 1986 to 2012. CROPWAT 8.0 was used to estimate future IWR for corn cultivation from 2011 to 2100 based on the Representative Concentration Pathways 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios. Also the frequency of predicted rainfall for future periods was analysed to identify the possibility of obtaining the amount of water required for corn plantation from rainfall. The projected trend of future climate showed increases in temperature and rainfall. The predicted IWR showed a decreasing trend in the rainy season and a similar or slightly lower trend in the dry season. Sufficient rain for corn cultivation was predicted for the wet region of the study area, with lower IWR, whereas most of the dry region was shown to have similar patterns of current water demands, except an increase in predicted rainfall resulted in lower IWR in some parts of this region. 相似文献
93.
The sterile insect technique has been in use for more than 50 years. Release techniques vary considerably from country to country. The release of sterile Queensland fruit fly in Australia continues to progress since its initial trials in the 1960’s. Three ground release methods (adult tub, adult chilled and pupal bucket) for sterile Queensland fruit fly were evaluated in the field. The recapture rate from the adult tub release method is significantly better than the other two methods. Adult chilled release had the lowest recapture rate but was not significantly different from the pupal bucket release. All methods could have been improved. 98.8% of recaptured flies were trapped within 600m of the release points. The dispersal distance was compared with other species. 相似文献
94.
Co‐management in Latin American small‐scale shellfisheries: assessment from long‐term case studies 下载免费PDF全文
Omar Defeo Mauricio Castrejón Roberto Pérez‐Castañeda Juan C Castilla Nicolás L Gutiérrez Timothy E Essington Carl Folke 《Fish and Fisheries》2016,17(1):176-192
Co‐management (Co‐M), defined as the sharing of management tasks and responsibilities between governments and local users, is emerging as a powerful institutional arrangement to redress fisheries paradigm failures, yet long‐term assessments of its performance are lacking. A comparative analysis of five small‐scale Latin American shellfisheries was conducted to identify factors suggesting success and failure. In Chile, Uruguay and Mexico Co‐M produced positive effects, including stabilization of landings at low levels, increase in abundance, CPUE, unit prices and revenues per unit of effort, and reduced interannual variability in several fishery indicators, particularly in landings. Co‐M was successful because it was mainly bottom‐up implemented and accompanied by‐catch shares (spatial property rights and community quotas). By contrast, Co‐M implementation was unable to prevent the collapse of the Galapagos sea cucumber fishery, as reflected by a decrease in abundance and CPUE. Negative effects were also observed in the Galapagos spiny lobster fishery during Co‐M implementation. However, recovery was observed in recent years, reflected in a stabilization of fishing effort and the highest CPUE and economic revenues observed since the beginning of the Co‐M implementation phase. The combined effects of market forces, climate variability and a moratorium on fishing effort were critical in fishery recovery. We conclude that Co‐M is not a blueprint that can be applied to all shellfisheries to enhance their governability. These social–ecological systems need to be managed by jointly addressing problems related to the resources, their marine environment and the people targeting them, accounting for their socioeconomic and cultural contexts. 相似文献
95.
Population‐level consequences for wild fish exposed to sublethal concentrations of chemicals – a critical review 下载免费PDF全文
Patrick B Hamilton Ian G Cowx Marjorie F Oleksiak Andrew M Griffiths Mats Grahn Jamie R Stevens Gary R Carvalho Elizabeth Nicol Charles R Tyler 《Fish and Fisheries》2016,17(3):545-566
Concentrated chemical spills have been shown to impact adversely on fish populations and even cause localized population extinctions. Evaluating population‐level impacts of sublethal exposure concentrations is, however, complex and confounded by other environmental pressures. Applying effect measures derived from laboratory‐based chemical exposures to impacts in wild fish populations is constrained by uncertainty on how biochemical response measures (biomarkers) translate into health outcomes, lack of available data for chronic exposures and the many uncertainties in available fish population models. Furthermore, wild fish show phenotypic plasticity and local adaptations can occur that adds geographic and temporal variance on responses. Such population‐level factors are rarely considered in the chemical risk assessment process and can probably be derived only from studies on wild fish. Molecular technologies, including microsatellite and SNP genotyping, and RNASeq for gene expression studies, are advancing our understanding of mechanisms of eco‐toxicological response, tolerance, adaptation and selection in wild populations. We examine critically the application of such approaches with examples including using microsatellites that has identified roach (Rutilus rutilus) populations living in rivers contaminated with sewage effluents that are self‐sustaining, and studies of stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) and killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus) that have identified genomic regions under selection putatively related to pollution tolerance. Integrating data on biological effects between laboratory‐based studies and wild populations, and building understanding on adaptive responses to sublethal exposure are some of the priority research areas for more effective evaluation of population risks and resilience to contaminant exposure. 相似文献
96.
The fishery for Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) is the largest by tonnage in the Southern Ocean. The catch remained relatively stable at around 120 000 tonnes for 17 years until 2009, but has recently increased to more than 200 000 tonnes. The Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources precautionary catch limits for this species total over 8.6 million tonnes so it remains one of the ocean’s largest known underexploited stocks. Recent developments in harvesting technology and in products being derived from krill indicate renewed interest in exploiting this resource. At the same time, there are changes in the Southern Ocean environment that are affecting both krill and the fishery. This paper summarizes the current state of this fishery and highlights the changes that are affecting it. 相似文献
97.
Esteban Hoffman Luis Viega Nicolás Glison Ariel Castro Sylvia Pereyra Carlos Pérez 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2014,139(3):471-480
Barley spot blotch (SB), caused by Cochliobolus sativus, is an important barley disease which causes extensive grain yield losses. These losses may not always correlate directly with the amount of diseased leaf area. Two barley cultivars, Quebracho (susceptible to SB) and Carumbé (with intermediate susceptibility to SB), were compared in field experiments in 2003, 2004 and 2006. Plots of each cultivar were either inoculated with C. sativus or protected with fungicide under field conditions to generate contrasting treatments: i) diseased, and ii) free of disease, respectively. SB severity over the growing season, photosynthetic rate on leaves with no visible symptoms and grain yield were assessed for each treatment and year. There was no treatment effect on cv. Carumbé, while cv. Quebracho showed a significant yield reduction, even though SB severity during the grain filling period was <10 %. This yield reduction was associated with a reduced photosynthetic rate at the beginning of the grain filling period in cv. Quebracho. A similar experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions, adding a treatment without inoculum or fungicide. There were no differences in photosynthetic rate or grain yield per plant among treatments. These results suggest a distinct physiological response to SB infection among cultivars affecting leaf photosynthetic rate, and SB severity may not be the best estimator of yield losses caused by SB. 相似文献
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100.
Wheat genetic resources enhancement by the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Rodomiro Ortiz Hans-Joachim Braun José Crossa Jonathan H. Crouch Guy Davenport John Dixon Susanne Dreisigacker Etienne Duveiller Zhonghu He Julio Huerta Arun K. Joshi Masahiro Kishii Petr Kosina Yann Manes Monica Mezzalama Alexei Morgounov Jiro Murakami Julie Nicol Guillermo Ortiz Ferrara J. Iván Ortiz-Monasterio Thomas S. Payne R. Javier Peña Matthew P. Reynolds Kenneth D. Sayre Ram C. Sharma Ravi P. Singh Jiankang Wang Marilyn Warburton Huixia Wu Masa Iwanaga 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2008,55(7):1095-1140
The International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) acts as a catalyst and leader in a global maize and wheat innovation
network that serves the poor in the developing world. Drawing on strong science and effective partnerships, CIMMYT researchers
create, share, and use knowledge and technology to increase food security, improve the productivity and profitability of farming
systems and sustain natural resources. This people-centered mission does not ignore the fact that CIMMYT’s unique niche is
as a genetic resources enhancement center for the developing world, as shown by this review article focusing on wheat. CIMMYT’s
value proposition resides therefore in its use of crop genetic diversity: conserving it, studying it, adding value to it,
and sharing it in enhanced form with clients worldwide. The main undertakings include: long-term safe conservation of world
heritage of both crop resources for future generations, in line with formal agreements under the 2004 International Treaty
on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, understanding the rich genetic diversity of two of the most important
staples worldwide, exploiting the untapped value of crop genetic resources through discovery of specific, strategically-important
traits required for current and future generations of target beneficiaries, and development of strategic germplasm through
innovative genetic enhancement. Finally, the Center needs to ensure that its main products reach end-users and improve their
livelihoods. In this regard, CIMMYT is the main international, public source of wheat seed-embedded technology to reduce vulnerability
and alleviate poverty, helping farmers move from subsistence to income-generating production systems. Beyond a focus on higher
grain yields and value-added germplasm, CIMMYT plays an “integrative” role in crop and natural resource management research,
promoting the efficient use of water and other inputs, lower production costs, better management of biotic stresses, and enhanced
system diversity and resilience. 相似文献