抛栽密度与促芽肥用量和化学促芽剂对中稻—再生稻的影响研究

此研究是针对再生稻生产中存在发苗不足、成穗率低、肥料利用率不高等因素而设计。试验结果表明,抛栽密度在18～31.5万穴/hm^2的范围内,再生稻粒重变化不大,实际产量基本一致,但再生稻发苗数和有效穗以18～22.5万穴/hm^2最高,分别达20.3～24.3苗/穴和18.9～20.1穗/穴;促芽肥施用过多,会影响头季中稻的产量,随促芽肥的增加,再生芽长也增长,但发苗数、有效穗数、结实率、单穴穗重则有下降趋势。同时,化学促芽剂4PU-30、高产精、腐殖酸、IAA能够增加头季中稻单穗重和促进再生芽的萌发生长,提高穗数和产量。     

Higher crop performance of rice hybrids than of elite inbreds in the tropics: 2. Does sink regulation,rather than sink size,play a major role?

Higher harvest index, widely reported as a main trait supporting major improvements in rice yield potential, also supports the higher performance of hybrids over inbreds. Although higher sink size is generally claimed for being the driver of higher grain filling in hybrid rice, it is relevant to question whether efficient sink regulation, that is timing and magnitude of the successive sink activities over crop growth from early stage, plays a role in supporting higher harvest index and is a key feature ensuring higher performance of hybrid rice. The partitioning coefficient (PC), as the increase in dry matter of one single organ over that of shoot, was calculated over short and successive periods to quantify the dynamics of dry matter partitioning. Four hybrid and four inbred genotypes of similar crop duration were grown under the same cropping management on the IRRI farm during a wet and a dry seasons. While PC to blade and sheath was similar for both plant types in both seasons at the early stage, PC to culm of hybrids was higher than that of inbreds, and PC to blade was lower, in the late vegetative and early reproductive phases. During the late reproductive phase, PC to panicle of hybrids was higher than that of inbreds, and PC to culm was lower whereas culm elongation was similar for both plant types. During grain filling, PC to culm was significantly more negative with hybrids which indicated stronger remobilization with hybrids. Specific culm length before anthesis, as low as 40 cm g⁻¹, accounted for storage ability, and at maturity, as high as 130 cm g⁻¹, for remobilization ability. Sink strength index, as a better indicator of dry matter partitioning efficiency than harvest index, and unfilled grain size, as an indicator of assimilate wastage, were suggested as key indices to account for the better sink regulation in hybrid rice and to improve screening protocols for increasing yield potential and tolerance to lodging.     

杂交水稻新品种特优180的选育与应用

特优180是福建省南平市农业科学研究所用不育系龙特甫A与自选恢复系南恢180配组选育而成的抗病高产杂交水稻新品种。在品比试验,福建省区试及生产试验中表现高产稳产、生育期适中、适应性广、中抗稻瘟病等优良特性,2008年通过福建省农作物品种审定委员会审定。介绍了其选育过程、主要特征特性、高产栽培和制种技术要点。     

Ⅱ优沈98分期播种试验小结

以Ⅱ优沈98为材料进行分期播种试验。结果表明,随着播种期推迟（每期间隔10d）,全生育期明显缩短,中稻每期缩短5d左右,连晚每期缩短3d左右;中稻不同播种期的产量及经济性状的影响差异不显著,连作晚稻随播种期的推迟,产量呈递减趋势,达极显著水平。温光反应特性与对照汕优63基本相同。     

贮藏温度对杂交狗牙根离体匍匐茎生理指标及再生活力的影响

以饱和含水量状态的杂交狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon(L.)Pars.×C.transvadlensis B.Davy)离体匍匐茎为材料,通过高温35℃(日)/27℃(夜)、常温25℃(日)/17℃(夜)、低温15℃(日)/7℃(夜)条件下连续贮藏2周,观测匍匐茎生理生化及成活情况的动态变化。结果表明:高温贮藏下,杂交狗牙根匍匐茎有2个明显的呼吸峰值,且贮藏过程中,呼吸速率显著高于常温和低温贮藏(P<0.05);高温贮藏可溶性糖含量下降的速度最快,幅度最大;随着贮藏温度的升高,匍匐茎的相对电导率值迅速上升,幅度加大,高温贮藏第4 d相对电导率已达51.55%,贮藏6 d时成活率降到46.7%,2周后匍匐茎全部枯死,而常温和低温下2周后匍匐茎成活率下降不明显,但是,存活势下降幅度明显快于低温条件的;相关性分析表明,匍匐茎旺盛的呼吸消耗了大量可溶性糖,细胞膜系统的破坏导致大量有机物外渗,致使匍匐茎的存活势和成活率大幅度下降。     

2种三叶草杂种F1代胚性愈伤组织筛选

以高加索三叶草(Trifolium ambiguum Bieb.)与白三叶(Trifolium.repens L.)杂交后胚离体培养产生的F₁无菌苗的茎段为外植体,筛选诱导愈伤组织的最适培养基,将F₁茎段产生的愈伤组织经过继代后转移到分化培养基中,研究不同浓度激素组合对体细胞胚胎产生的影响。结果表明:MS+6-BA+NAA是诱导F₁茎段愈伤组织的适宜培养基;MS+2,4-D+6-BA+NAA+KT+CH为F₁茎段愈伤组织的适宜分化培养基;对分化后的胚性愈伤进行组织学观察,可见其表面形成许多瘤状突起,即胚性细胞团,它们可以继续发育形成体细胞胚,为快速得到数量较多的杂种F₁再生苗奠定基础。     

Influence of integrated nutrient management (INM) on nutrient use efficiency,soil fertility and productivity of hybrid rice

A field experiment was conducted during the two consecutive kharif seasons of 2011 and 2012 on sandy-loam lateritic soil of Indian subtropics to investigate the impact of integrated nutrient management (INM) on crop productivity, nutrient use efficiency of applied nutrients and soil fertility in restoring sustainability with hybrid rice cultivation. Application of 50% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) + 50% recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) through mustard oil cake (MOC) or 75% RDF + 25% RDN through MOC + biofertilizer recorded significantly higher grain and biomass yields, greater NPK removal and higher partial factor productivity of applied nutrient (PFPN) than those of the crop having 100% RDF, 100% RDN through MOC and 25% RDF + 75% RDN through MOC, which showed very poor performance. The former treatments also improved organic carbon and available NPK contents in soil in spite of greater removal of NPK by the crop. Results of study suggested integrated use of 50% RDF + 50% RDN through MOC or 75% RDF + 25% RDN through MOC + biofertilizer for increasing hybrid rice productivity, PFPN and improving soil fertility for sustainability.     

基于玉米单倍体性状表现的轮回选择试验研究

单倍体水平的选择可以提高轮回选择程序的效率。经过4个周期的单倍体轮回选择之后,一个综合群体SPC4的产量达到了当前商业杂交种的产量水平。SPC4群体与27个来自于爱荷华州立大学的综合群体相比较具有更好的群体表现。两个单交种在单倍体水平上表现出株高和穗长的超亲分离,表明利用单倍体植株来鉴定、创造和改良优良的育种材料是非常有效的方法。     

Identification of a major quantitative trait locus and its candidate underlying genetic variation for rice stigma exsertion rate

Stigma exsertion in male sterile lines of hybrid rice is important for seed yield.In the present study, ZS616 [Oryza sativa subsp.Xian(indica)], a male sterile line with a stigma exsertion rate(SER) as high as 94.5%, was crossed to DS552, a japonica line with almost no exserted stigmas.F3 plants with extremely low and high SER were sequenced to identify SER-associated quantitative trait loci(QTL).A major QTL for SER, qSER-3.1, was identified along with other QTL on chromosome 3 in a 3.9 Mb region.A total of 307 nonsynonymous single-nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) and 27 frame-shift insertion/deletions(InDels)differentiating ZS616 and DS552 were identified in the region containing qSER-3.1.Most SNPs(294) and InDels(25) were excluded after further analysis because they were shared by ZS616 and low(<2.0%) SER accessions in the Huazhong Agricultural University(HAU) core rice collection.Association analysis using the full HAU collection identified a 17-bp InDel in OS03 G0689400 as the most likely causal genetic variant underlying qSER-3.1.ZS616-type accessions(n = 54, with the 17-bp insertion) in the HAU collection had minimum(16.5%)and mean(39.6%) SERs significantly greater than those(n = 424) without the insertion(with minimum and mean SERs of 0.2% and 20.6%, respectively).Thus, this study identified a major QTL for stigma exsertion and revealed the mutation in a candidate gene for the QTL.     

单基线PolInSAR森林高度反演方法研究

极化干涉SAR(Polarimetric SAR interferometry,PolInSAR)森林高度反演是当前雷达遥感领域的研究热点,近年来出现了多种单基线PolInSAR森林高度反演方法。为了给单基线PolInSAR反演森林高度的算法提供基础,并探索和发展效果更优的反演方法,使用Pol SARpro软件模拟森林平均高度为18 m的L波段(L=23 cm)全极化干涉SAR数据,研究了森林高度反演算法中的DEM差分法、RVoG法、复相干幅度反演法、混合反演法,并基于相干优化法对混合反演法进行了改进;为了更准确地对算法的性能进行比较,给出方位向为48 bin时各算法的距离向剖面的对比图,并选取图像的中间区域,对森林高度位于3~30 m的1 104个样本点,应用均值和均方根误差RSME对5种方法模拟的18 m森林高度进行比较。结果表明:森林高度平均值反演结果由大到小依次为:复相干幅度反演法、混合反演法、改进的混合反演法、RVoG法、DEM差分法,分别为19.40、18.31、18.12、10.55、10.05 m,均方根误差(RMSE)由小到大依次为:改进的混合反演法、混合反演法、复相干幅度反演法、RVoG法、DEM差分法,分别为1.06、1.48、3.49、7.51、8.04 m;说明DEM差分法与RVoG法反演的森林高度存在明显低估,复相干反演法出现明显高估且其离散程度最大,混合反演法和改进的混合反演法与真实值的误差分别为0.31、0.12 m,改进的混合反演法与真实值的相差最小,离散程度最小,均方根误差最小,反演结果最优。改进的混合反演法综合了混合反演法与相干优化法的优点,使其估计的地形相位的均方根误差最小(0.045 rad),森林高度与真实值的误差最小,均方根误差最小,并且具有一定的鲁棒性。