巨尾桉林地土壤化学性质变化分析

通过对福建省长泰县一块巨尾桉林地18 a经营前后土壤各种养分指标的比较,揭示桉树林地长期经营对土壤肥力的影响,结果表明：土壤有机质、养分全量及交换性钙、镁、碱解氮等都有不同程度提高,而速效钾、pH值和速效磷等有所降低,分析认为杂交桉主要靠杂交优势而非靠消耗地力获得增产,杂交桉林地养分循环良好,土壤有机质增加,土壤供肥潜力提高;现有速效钾、pH值为林地正常值,18 a前测定的为炼山造林后的样品数据,草木灰（K2CO3）渗入土壤所致,速效磷降低为杂交桉对其需求量较大所致;建议在桉树人工林经营过程中应注意补充磷肥和钙肥。     

Effects of walnut trees on biological nitrogen fixation and yield of intercropped alfalfa in a Mediterranean agroforestry system

While intercropping annual non nitrogen-fixing crops with deciduous hardwood species is now well documented, there is a need to investigate if nitrogen-fixing intercrops may succeed in agroforestry systems. Intercropping with trees usually leads to a decline in crop yield, and could in addition possibly reduce the biological N fixation (BNF) over time due to the competition for resources. In a Mediterranean experimental site, 17 year-old hybrid walnut trees (Juglans nigra x Juglans regia L.) planted in East-West oriented lines were intercropped with alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) to assess the impact of competition for light and water on alfalfa yield and BNF. Alfalfa yield and shoot δ¹⁵N values (a proxy for the proportion of N derived from the air, %Ndfa) were measured during one year at different distances from the tree row in two directions (north and south). Alfalfa yield was reduced close to the tree row (−28% and −22% on the northern and southern sides respectively), but less than the reduction of irradiation (−59% and −33% respectively). Shading improved by 35% the apparent light use efficiency (LUE: aboveground biomass produced per unit of global radiation) of alfalfa, indicating that alfalfa was shade tolerant at this Mediterranean site. Alfalfa shoot δ¹⁵N values were lower close to the tree rows than at mid inter-row: BNF was stimulated close to the trees. Compensative and facilitative mechanisms between trees and alfalfa plants led to a rise in LUE and%Ndfa in shaded areas. These results contradict the frequent assumption that N fixation is reduced in the shade of trees. Appropriate tree canopy management may help maintain light competition between trees and alfalfa to a level that still enhance complementary, which would further improve the sustainability of the use of alfalfa as an intercrop in Mediterranean regions.     

黄快杨试管苗生根及移栽成活率的研究

对黄快杨试管苗诱导生根和移栽进行试验研究,结果表明:以1/2MS+IBA0.05+NAA0.01为生根培养基,平均每株生根数为6.9个,根长为1.6 cm,根较粗壮,有侧根,较少产生愈伤组织,移栽后成活率较高。移栽基质分别采用珍珠岩(粗:细为1:1)、蛭石、蛭石:珍珠岩(1:1)、粗珍珠岩、细珍珠岩,其中,以珍珠岩作为基质的移栽成活率较高,尤以粗颗粒的珍珠岩基质最好,移栽成活率可达98.2%。     

沼液及羊粪对牧草生产力和营养成分的影响

分别利用沼液、发酵羊粪、尿素进行杂交狼尾草施肥试验,结果表明施用沼液、羊粪的处理与对照尿素处理相比,在牧草产量方面差异不显著,各处理的牧草生长势相当,施用沼液的处理与对照相比,提高了牧草的品质.施用沼液年可节约成本1650元·hm-2,并改善了土壤结构,经济、生态效益得到明显提高,促进了种草业的可持续发展.     

银中杨光合作用和蒸腾作用对土壤干旱的响应

 以银中杨3年生苗木为试验材料,通过盆栽试验,研究土壤干旱程度、干旱持续时间和逐渐干旱对银中杨叶片气体交换参数的日变化和光响应过程的影响。结果表明:银中杨具有较强的抗旱性;适度干旱有利于银中杨光合作用;逐渐干旱过程中,土壤含水量在40.1%～20.2%范围内,光合速率随着含水量的减少而降低,但降低幅度较小,表观量子效率基本不变;土壤含水量为15.5%时的光合能力则大幅度下降;银中杨的光饱和点在750～1300μmol.m-2.s-1之间,随着土壤含水量的下降,光饱和点降低;光合速率和腾速率与气孔导度的正相关性较强,与胞间CO2则有负相关的趋势;在逐渐干旱过程中,水分利用率随着含水量的下降而上升,但长时间的严重干旱胁迫导致水分利用率降低;在相同含水量条件下,逐渐干旱对各光合参数的影响均小于梯度干旱,这说明银中杨光合作用能忍受暂时的干旱,重度水分胁迫持续时间较长时,光合速率和蒸腾速率大幅度降低,这是银中杨对干旱的一种适应方式。     

家蚕伴性赤蚁基因(sch)连锁的RAPD标记及相关分析

家蚕伴性赤蚁基因(sch)温敏性的发现为雄蚕品种选育研究开辟了新的途径。为获得sch基因的DNA序列,采用RAPD技术,对sch的近等位基因系进行随机扩增,得到一条能稳定扩增、与sch基因连锁的特异片段,并对该序列进行了克隆、测序与分析。结果表明,该序列是家蚕固醇载体蛋白-x(sterol carrier protein x,SCPx)基因的一部分,根据测序结果命名为OPD02-759。设计特异引物进行PCR扩增和测序,获得了sch蚕SCPx基因的酮酯酰CoA硫解酶结构域(3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase)的完整序列。序列长1107 bp,编码369 aa,分子量为39.3 kD,与正常家蚕该结构域有15个核苷酸的差异,翻译后有5个氨基酸的差异,且其中2个发生在保守区域,此突变正好是RAPD扩增时出现特异带的随机引物结合位点。     

Cohen实分布函数

从Cohen定义的量子相空间中的分布函数的一般表达式出发,导出了一个依赖于参数γ的满足边缘条件的实分布函数.求出了谐振子基态和第一激发态的分布函数的表达式,并把γ=1时函数的图象和Wigner函数图象作了比较.     

热应激对奶牛血液流变学指标及血清无机离子浓度和酶活性的影响

将40头健康娟荷奶牛和荷斯坦奶牛分为2组,分别于冬季12月份(牛舍日平均气温10.35℃,温湿度指数为47.24)和次年夏季7月份(牛舍日平均气温31.07℃,温湿度指数为82.61)测定热应激对奶牛血液流变学指标及血清无机离子浓度和酶活性的影响.结果表明:除血沉外,全血比黏度、血浆比黏度、红细胞压积,荷斯坦奶牛、娟荷奶牛夏季都明显升高,与冬季间差异均极显著(P<0.01),但在夏季或冬季2个品种间差异不显著(P>0.05);血清K+浓度,娟荷奶牛冬季与夏季间差异显著(P<0.05),荷斯坦奶牛冬季与夏季间以及2个品种间差异不显著(P>0.05);热应激极显著降低血清Na+、Ca2+浓度(P<0.01),但夏季或冬季2个品种间差异不显著(P>0.05);血清C l-浓度,2个品种间及2个季节间差异均不显著(P>0.05);热应激显著升高谷丙转氨酶、碱性磷酸酶活性(P<0.05),但夏季或冬季2个品种间差异不显著(P>0.05);谷草转氨酶活性,冬季2个品种间差异显著(P<0.05),夏季2个品种间差异不显著(P>0.05).可见,全血比黏度,血浆比黏度,红细胞压积,血清Na+、Ca2+浓度和谷丙转氨酶、碱性磷酸酶活性与奶牛品种无关,与热应激程度关系密切.     

Fish-management relationships in Israeli commercial fish farming

To analyse the relationships among fish species performance and management procedures, a database was built up with data from 31 fish farms during the period 1976–1987 (1673 observations) and analysed through multivariate statistics (factor analysis). The data include nurseries, grow-out and operational ponds with mono- and polycultures of common carp, Cyprinus carpio, tilapia hybrid, Oreochromis niloticus × O. aureus, silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, and mullet, Mugil cephalus. The main conclusions include the following. (1) The highest total yields and best tilapia performances were obtained in polyculture ponds where tilapia was the main species. (2) The best carp performances occurred in grow-out polyculture ponds where carp was the main species. Carp performance was improved in polycultures with mullet and silver carp, irrespective of whether tilapia were present or not. (3) Carp and tilapia yields increased as the nutritional inputs (feed pellets, sorghum pellets, manure), pond size and culture duration increased. The effect of the nutritional input was not linear, but logarithmic. (4) Growth rate of common carp was more affected by total density and stocking size than that of tilapia. Better carp and tilapia growth occurred in grow-out ponds when stocked at large sizes and cultured during short periods, mainly when both species were present. (5) Carp growth varied with the geographical region and size of fish pond, being better in smaller than in larger ponds due to reduced access to natural benthic food in deep ponds.     

Antioxidant effect of dietary tocopherol and ascorbic acid on growth and survival of Litopenaeus vannamei postlarvae

The nutritional effect of vitamin E in dietsfor Litopenaeus vannamei postlarve (PL19)was investigated. Four formulated diets withdifferent combinations of -tocopherylacetate (-TA), ascorbic acid (AA) andhighly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) weretested, using four replicates.No significant differences in survival wereobserved among treatments after 34 days offeeding. However, shrimp fed with a dietcontaining 2% fish oil (low n-3 HUFA content),200 mg.kg^–1 -TA and100 mg.kg^–1 AA (diet H/E/C) showedsignificantly better growth than those fed adiet supplemented with 5% fish oil (high n-3HUFA content), 200 mg.kg^–1 -TA and100 mg.kg^–1 AA (diet H+/E/C). Shrimp fedwith a diet containing 5% fish oil,900 mg.kg^–1 -TA and100 mg.kg^–1 AA (diet H+/E+/C) showed a significantly higher tissue level of n-6 PUFAthan postlarvae fed diet H+/E/C. No definiteconclusion could be drawn about a possibleinteraction between -TA and AA, since acomparison of the diet containing 5% fish oil,200 mg.kg^–1 -TA and700 mg.kg^–1 AA (H+/E+/C+) and the dietH+/E/C did not show any significant differencesin any of the measured parameters. Theantioxidative status of the shrimp tissue(measured by means of the thiobarbituric acid(TBA) assay and expressed as nM malonaldehyde(MA) per gramme dry weight) was equal for alltreatments. Nevertheless, there was a slightlylower MA value with the diet H+/E/C+,indicating that AA may be an effectiveantioxidant in the aqueous phase and at thewater/lipid interface of the tissue. The tissuelevels of -T and AA were highlydependent on the amounts in diets and nocorrelation between -T and AAincorporation could be observed.