巨尾桉扦插繁殖技术研究

以巨尾桉半木质化当年生枝条为插穗,采用不同插穗长度、不同基质配比、不同激素处理对其进行扦插繁殖试验。结果表明：巨尾桉在扦插过程中应选用5-10cm长的穗条,在质量分数为10×10^-4的ATB溶液中浸泡2h之后,扦插到黄心土和碳化谷壳以3：2混合的基质上,生根率最高可达93．68％,苗高适宜,苗木生长良好且根系呈辐射状分布,具有一定的抗性。     

Nondestructive determination of paper properties of Populus × euramericana with near infrared spectroscopy

Five Populus x euramericana wood samples representing three different sites were selected and nearinfrared （NIR） spectra were obtained. For these sections, basis weight, brightness and three mechanical properties （tensile index, tearing index and bursting index） were determined by standard analytical methods. Calibrations were developed for each paper property using the NIR spectra, data on paper properties, using partial least squares （PLS） regression. The results show that the coefficients of correlation of calibration and validation for basis weight were 0.8824 and 0.8299, respectively; the standard error of calibration （SEC） and prediction （SEP） were 1.150 and 1.170, respectively. In testing for brightness, the correlation coefficient of calibration was 0.9621 and for validation 0.9612, while the SEC and SEP were 0.997 and 1.300, respectively; paper brightness and NIR spectroscopy were highly correlated. NIR spectroscopy can be used to predict tensile, tearing and bursting indices of paper samples rapidly. We found that the paper properties fitted by NIR and GB methods were highly correlated. The coefficients of correlation of calibration and validation for basis weight exceeded 0.8000, while the SEC and SEP were very small. These results reveal that the five paper properties of Populus x euramericana and those predicted by the NIR model were highly correlated. We conclude that the NIR models can be used for the prediction of paper properties.     

Identification of sorghum genotypes suitable for specific end uses: Semolina recovery and popping

There has always been an interest in devising breeding programs for designer foods that would benefit both the producer and consumer. The challenge today is transformation of agriculture from “subsistence farming” to “market and income generation oriented” production system for which sorghum with its diverse end uses can assume significant role. Breeding for end-use identity-specific genotypes is needed for increased profitability to the farmers. In the present study, 60 sorghum genotypes were evaluated over two years to identify genotypes suitable for semolina recovery and popping properties, i.e. popping efficiency and pop volume expansion. Semolina recovery ranged from 20.7% to 48.3%, while popping efficiency ranged from 0 to 77.5%. Semolina recovery had positive and significant association with endosperm texture (r = 0.62), grain density (r = 0.49) and grain hardness (r = 0.55) indicating that genotypes with corneous endosperm yield high semolina. Also, semolina recovery had significant positive correlation with popping efficiency (r = 0.49) indicating that genotypes suitable for semolina can also be used for popping. Genetic divergence studies indicated that out of three clusters formed, cluster II having guinea race germplasm lines are suitable for semolina and popping. The information generated and the genotypes identified will help in enhancing the demand for sorghum as an industrial crop.     

不同处理对刺葡萄愈伤组织花青素和原花青素生物合成的影响

以刺葡萄 2 个同质不同型的愈伤组织细胞系为材料,研究不同处理因子对其花青素和原花青素合成能力的影响。试验结果表明,刺葡萄 DLR 细胞系具有高产花青素和原花青素的能力,在培养至 45 d 时,其花青素与原花青素的含量均达到最高值,分别为 113.85 μg/g（FW）和 3 562.95 μg/g（FW）;低温、高温、肉桂酸、壳聚糖、紫外线、黑暗和 KT 等因子,对 DLR 细胞系花青素和原花青素的累积表现出不同的效应;其中,4 ℃低温处理下,DLR 细胞花青素的积累效果最佳,比对照提高了 2.14 倍;壳聚糖处理下,原花青素积累效果最佳,是对照的 2.84 倍。刺葡萄 DLW 细胞系不具有或极低的花青素和原花青素合成能力,处理因子调控对其作用效果不明显。本研究的结论为进一步进行刺葡萄细胞花青素和原花青素合成调控奠定了础。     

桑天牛成虫取食北京杨后血淋巴羧酸酯酶活力的变化

桑天牛成虫取食不同寄主植物以后,其寿命和产卵量明显不同。对羧酸酯酶活性测定表明,以桑树作为补充营养寄主的桑天牛成虫的血淋巴羧酸酯酶活力明显高于取食北京杨的天牛;而羧酸酯酶动力学研究表明,桑天牛取食北京杨后对其羧酸酯酶活性产生了一定的影响,因饲喂时间的不同,羧酸酯酶活性差异不同,5 d以内,酶分子的活力降低,至第7天时,除了活力降低外,酶分子的结构也发生了变化。     

Selection for verticillium wilt resistance in potato breeding populations derived from four cross types

Verticillium wilt (VW) is one of the important yield-limiting diseases for potato production. To develop resistant clones, the potential for early generation selection was studied using three basic selection methods, individual, family, and within family selection, for two clonal generations. A total of 152 clones were derived from four cross types (2x × 2x, 2x × 4x, 4x × 2x and 4x × 4x). Clones were evaluated for maturity, symptom expression, yield and stem colonization in replicated trials. Heritability and selection response for the traits were estimated for each selection method. Direct selection in the second clonal generation and individual selection showed more gain than that from other methods. Both 2x × 2x and 4x × 2x families were higher yielding and had lower stem colonization scores than 2x × 4x and 4x × 4x crosses. Therefore, 2x × 2x or 4x × 2x crosses between carefully chosen parents with high yield and VW resistance may produce offspring with superior performance.     

养殖条件下施氏鲟（♂）X达氏鳇（♀）杂交后代的生长特性

2008年～2011年研究了人工养殖条件下的施氏鲟Acipenserschrenckii（6）×达氏鳇Husodauncus（早）杂交后代（f谷称大杂交）的生长特性。结果表明：1～7龄大杂交体长、体重相对增长率及生长指标随年龄的增长而逐渐下降,呈“异速生长一等速生长一异速生长”的变化趋势。不同年龄大杂交的体长与体重均呈幂指数关系,R2值变幅为0．95～0．99。其中,1-3龄大杂交a值〉3,呈强异速生长。此后随年龄的增加,异速生长减弱,发育趋向均匀。5龄时a值为2．94接近3,7龄a值为2．63〈3。大杂交肥满度随年龄增加而增大,其与体重的相关性（R2＝0．94）高于与体长的相关性。采用7种生长方程对不同年龄大杂交的体长生长和体重生长进行拟合,其中Gompertz、Quadratic、VBGF和Cubic4种生长方程式对大杂交体长生长的拟合效果较好,除Cubic生长方程外,其它6种生长方程对其体重生长的拟合度均较低。7种生长模型中,均以Cubic生长方程对大杂交的体长生长和体重生长的拟合R2值最大,RSS值最小,说明Cubic生长方程对不同年龄大杂交的生长具有最好的拟合效果,拐点体重、体长和年龄分别为28．53kg、82．11cm和4．22龄。     

Light quality affects in vitro adventitious rooting and ex vitro performance of cherry rootstock Colt

The effect of light quality on in vitro rooting of cherry rootstock “Colt” was studied to evaluate adventitious root development, ex vitro acclimatization and plant growth performance. Adventitious rooting was dependent on the light quality to which the microcutting were exposed. Highest number of roots per microcuttings was recorded under dichromatic light (blue + red). This response could be ascribed to the control of a strong synergistic interaction between phytochromes and blue light photoreceptors. Red light was more effective on root elongation than blue light. In this response a strong synergistic interaction between phytochromes and blue light photoreceptors was suggested. The effect of light quality on the number of root/explant affected the plant during acclimation, scoring the highest level of plant survival in the blue-, red- and blue + red-exposed plantlets. The light quality effect was also observed under greenhouse culture conditions, as shown by growth parameters at the end of six months in plants growth. No specific role was observed for the photoequilibrium of phytochrome. The results reported in this work show that plantlets exposed to different light quality, during the in vitro rooting phase, retain the light quality effects in the subsequent plant acclimatization and greenhouse plant growth phase.     

Management of strawberry anthracnose by choice of irrigation system,mulching material and host resistance

We studied, by means of field experiments, the combined effects of irrigation system, mulching material and genetic resistance on the incidence of strawberry anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum acutatum. All trials involved artificial inoculation with fruits colonized by the pathogen. One experiment examined the effects of drip irrigation, overhead sprinkler irrigation, and localized low-pressure tape irrigation, and the effects of grass (Brachiaria sp.) and plastic (polyethylene) mulches, in a split plot, randomized complete block design with four replicates. Lower disease incidence, indicating lower pathogen dispersal, was verified with low-pressure tape and drip irrigation. Flower blight and fruit rot incidence in drip-irrigated plots was minimal (ca. 2% of the disease levels in the plots otherwise irrigated). Grass mulch reduced flower blight in the sprinkler system (up to 80%), but had no significant effect when disease levels were already low due to use of other irrigation systems. A second experiment compared the effects of grass mulch, pine (Pinus elliotti) mulch, and plastic mulch with overhead sprinkler irrigation on strawberry cultivars partially resistant (‘Dover’) and susceptible (‘Campinas’) to the disease in a factorial completely randomized design (CRD). Both organic mulches reduced flower blight and diseased fruit incidence by up to 76% compared to the plastic mulch treatment, especially in the early stages of the epidemics. ‘Dover’ had 70% lower incidence of flower blight than ‘Campinas’, and the effects of organic mulches were more pronounced in ‘Campinas’. A third experiment, with all three irrigation systems combined with inoculated and non-inoculated plots, estimated yield effects due to disease and irrigation system. All plots were covered with plastic mulch in a CRD with six treatments. This experiment clearly confirmed the higher flower blight and fruit rot incidences when sprinkler irrigation was used. In inoculated treatments, fruit yield was significantly reduced in tape-irrigated plots, and more so in sprinkler-irrigated plots. In drip-irrigated plots yield was reduced by only 1%. Overall, our results confirm the importance of cultural and genetic factors as valuable means of strawberry anthracnose management. Adoption of localized irrigation systems, the use of organic mulches and choice of a partially resistant cultivar significantly reduced disease levels in field plots. The importance of water splash for C. acutatum dispersal and its dependency on the soil mulch characteristics are the likely causes for the results observed.     

杂交相思组织培养研究初报

【目的】筛选杂交相思组织培养不同培养阶段的培养基配方,为实现杂交相思工厂化育苗提供技术参考。【方法】用杂交相思嫩茎为外植体,探究生长调节剂6-BA、NAA、IBA对其诱导出芽、继代增殖和诱导生根的效果。【结果】在不添加6-BA的情况下,添加0.2mg/LNAA时芽诱导率为60.0%,当添加0.2mg/L的6-BA后,诱导率为42.0%。当NAA为0~0.5mg/L时,随着6-BA的增加,增殖系数随之增加,6-BA为0.8mg/L时,增殖系数为4.2;当6-BA为1.0mg/L以上时,继代苗的增殖系数为1.0。以改良MS为基本培养基,在NAA1.0mg/L的条件下添加0.5、1.0mg/L的IBA生根诱导率分别为17.5%、24.0%;以改良1/2MS为基本培养基,在NAA1.0mg/L的条件下,添加0.5mg/L的IBA生根率为91.7%,当添加IBA为1.0mg/L时,生根率降到50.0%;生根苗移栽基质以黄心土与河沙或蛭石混合较好,移栽成活率在85.0%以上。【结论】改良MS＋NAA0.2mg/L培养基是较适宜芽诱导的培养基;改良MS＋6-BA0.8mg/L＋NAA0.5mg/L培养基较利于继代苗的生长;改良1/2MS＋NAA1.0mg/L＋IBA0.5mg/L培养基较改良MS培养基有利于诱导生根。