湖南株洲市大京水库集水区马尾松群落演替研究

通过对湖南株洲市大京水库集水区马尾松群落组成成分、形成历史、发展趋势、物种多样性等调查分析,结果表明,水库集水区马尾松群落演替有3大特点:①马尾松林附近保存有小面积常绿阔叶林和零星常绿阔叶树,马尾松林演替有充足的种源,而且演替速度较快;②其演替规律为由马尾松纯林演替为马尾松、常绿阔叶树混交林,再演替到常绿阔叶林,一般不经过马尾松、落叶阔叶树混交林阶段;③首先侵入林地的常绿树为茹豆、石栎、黄瑞木、青冈栎等。物种多样性分析表明马尾松纯林的丰富度、均匀度和多样性指数均低于马尾松与阔叶树混交林;在立地条件较好、树种组成较丰富的马尾松与常绿阔叶树混交林的物种多样性指数接近甚至高于常绿阔叶林。     

Genetic diversity of Quercus glandulifera var. brevipetiolata populations in three forest communities with different succession stages

In order to understand the relationship between population succession and its genetic behavior, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique was used to analyze the genetic diversity of Quercu glandulifera var. brevipetiolata populations in three forest communities with different succession stages (coniferous forest, coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest, evergreen broad-leaved forest). The results showed that 145 repetitive loci were produced in 60 individuals of Q. glandulifera using 11 primers, among which 120 loci were polymorphic, and the total percentage of polymorphic loci was 82.76% with an average of 64.14%. Estimated by the Shannon information index, the total genetic diversity of the three populations was 0.4747, with an average of 0.3642, while it was 0.3234, with an average of 0.2484, judged from the Nei index. Judged from percentage of polymorphic loci, Shannon inform at ion index and Nei index, the genetic diversity followed a decreasing order: coniferous forest > broad-leaved mixed forest > evergreen broad-leaved forest. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that 69.73% of the genetic variance existed within populations and 30.27% of the genetic variance existed among populations. The coefficient of gene differentiation (GST) was 0.2319 and the gene flow (N _m) was 1.6539. The mean of genetic identity among populations of Q. glandulifera was 0.8501 and the mean of genetic distance was 0.1626. The genetic identity between the Q. glandulifera population in the coniferous forest and that in the coniferous and broadleaved mixed forest was the highest. UPGMA cluster analysis based on Nei’s genetic distance showed that the population in the coniferous forest gathered with that in the coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest firstly, then with that in the evergreen broad-leaved forest. The genetic structure of Q. glandulifera was not only characteristic of the biological characteristics of this species, but was also influenced by the microenvironment in different communities. __________ Translated from Journal of Northwest Forestry University, 2008, 23(1): 18–22 [译自: 西北林学院学报]     

承德市生态环境现状及建设规划

介绍了承德市独特的地理位置以及多年来生态环境的干扰和演替变化过程,根据生态环境现状提出适合承德市生态环境建设的规划与建议,以期改善承德市的生态环境。     

Restoration of hay meadows on ex‐arable land: commercial seed mixtures vs. spontaneous succession

In many areas of Europe there are policies to restore former arable land to grassland. In practice, this usually involves the use of commercial seed mixtures. The abundance of all vascular plants species in 35 ex‐arable fields, sown with a commercial seed mixture or spontaneously revegetated, was studied in one landscape area to compare two methods of grassland restoration. Species abundance was also evaluated in the close surroundings of the fields. Data were processed using multivariate (ordination) and univariate statistics. Period of time since abandonment, size of the field and type of grassland restoration (sown vs. spontaneously revegetated) had a significant influence on vegetation. However, for the target meadow species, the type of restoration did not exhibit any influence. After about 20 years the contribution of meadow species that had established spontaneously in the studied fields was similar to that of their surroundings. We concluded that artificial sowing on ex‐arable land is not necessary to develop semi‐natural grasslands if (i) there are sources of appropriate diaspores in the immediate surroundings, (ii) the site is not very rich in nutrients and (iii) farmers do not need grass production immediately. In these situations and over this timescale natural regeneration would allow substantial savings of money and labour.     

森林动态演替模型的研究进展

森林动态演替模型是基于个体模拟与预测的模型,广泛应用于森林长期动态变化,是研究森林生态系统对气候变化响应的有效工具。本文简要阐述了森林动态理论,分析了在全球气候变化背景下应用模型研究森林与气候之间关系的可行性和必要性,进一步解析了森林动态演替模型的分类与发展演变过程,以及森林动态演替模型的研究价值。在既有研究成果的基础上,本文详细综述了近年来森林动态演替模型的国内外研究现状,对国际上相关的研究热点和前沿问题进行了探讨,指出国内演替模型预测研究未来发展方向,展望了森林动态演替模型的未来发展趋势。结果表明：森林动态演替模型在全球气候变化背景下,不断升级优化,对森林保护、林业管理等方面具有重要意义。近年来,全球气候变化一直是人们关注的焦点,本文可为进一步研究森林生态系统对气候变化的响应提供参考,同时,为森林生态系统保护与管理提出全球应对策略。     

湖南针栎混交林直径分布及演替动向

为揭示湖南省针栎混交林林分结构,了解林分树种更替过程以及指导针栎混交林抚育间伐奠定理论基础,以湖南省5块针栎混交林样地为研究对象,采用偏度和峰度描述栎类林分的直径分布特征,利用正态分布、Weibull分布、Gamma分布以及Logistic分布函数分别对针栎全林分和栎类林分的直径分布进行拟合,同时以林分株数变化动态为依据,分析针栎混交林的演替动向。结果表明:1)5个样地的偏度系数>0,说明栎类直径分布曲线为左偏,林分中中小径阶的栎类林木所占比重较大。除5号样地在2004年的峰度<0外,其余样地的峰度>0,表明栎类直径分布相对比较集中,呈现尖峰态;2)Weibull分布函数和Gamma分布函数更适于拟合针栎全林分和栎类林分的直径分布规律,但在拟合栎类林分的直径分布规律时效果更优;3)针栎混交林分中的栎类比例随着生长时间的延长逐渐增加,而针叶树逐步退化,针栎混交林逐步演替为阔栎混交林。     

不同退化高寒沼泽湿地土壤碳氮和贮量分布特征

为研究高寒沼泽湿地土壤碳氮贮量分布特征,探讨退化高寒沼泽湿地的恢复对策,本试验选择三江源区玛沁县大武滩不同退化高寒沼泽湿地为研究对象,分层采集湿地冻融丘和丘间土壤样品,分析土壤有机碳、总氮含量和贮量变化。结果表明：研究区0~30 cm是高寒湿地有机碳和总氮主要分布区,有机碳和总氮呈正相关关系。冻融丘和丘间的土壤含水量与土壤有机碳、总氮均呈极显著相关关系（P<0.01）。冻融丘和丘间的土壤含水量、有机碳、总氮、碳氮贮量均随着退化程度的加剧呈下降趋势,且冻融丘的下降速度较丘间快。有机碳、总氮、有机碳贮量和氮贮量与冻融丘的数量呈极显著负相关关系,与冻融丘的大小呈极显著正相关关系（P<0.01）。这些结果表明：高寒沼泽湿地土壤含水量、冻融丘的数量和大小对高寒湿地退化中土壤碳氮及贮量具有指示性,建议在高寒湿地修复中加强水分补充和冻融丘的保护。     

Response of soil nitrogen,phosphorous and organic matter to vegetation succession on the Loess Plateau of China

 Revegetation is a traditional practice widely used for soil protection. We evaluated the effect of natural revegetation succession on soil chemical properties and carbon fractions (particulate organic carbon (POC), humus carbon (HS-C), humic acid carbon (HA-C) and fulvic acid carbon (FA-C)) on the Loess Plateau of China. The vegetation types, in order from the shortest to the longest enclosure duration, were: (a) abandoned overgrazed grassland (AbG3; 3 years); (b) Hierochloe odorata Beauv. (HiO7; 7 years); (c) Thymus mongolicus Ronnm (ThM15; 15 years); (d) Artemisia sacrorum Ledeb (AtS25; 25 years); (e) Stipa bungeana Trin Ledeb (StB36; 36 years) and (f) Stipa grandis P. Smirn (StG56; 56 years). The results showed that the concentrations of soil organic carbon, total nitrogen and available phosphorus increased with the increase of restoration time except for ThM15. The concentration of NH₄-N increased in the medium stage of vegetation restoration (for ThM15 and AtS25) and decreased in the later stage (for StB36 and StG56). However, NO₃-N concentration significantly increased in the later stage (for StB36 and StG56). Carbon fractions had a similar increasing trend during natural vegetation restoration. The concentrations of POC, HS-C, FA-C and HA-C accounted for 24.5%–49.1%, 10.6%–15.2%, 5.8%–9.1% and 4.6%–6.1% of total carbon, respectively. For AbG3, the relative changes of POC, HS-C and FA-C were significantly higher than that of total carbon during the process of revegetation restoration. The higher relative increases in POC, HS-C and FA-C confirmed that soil carbon induced by vegetation restoration was sequestrated by higher physical and chemical protection. The increases of soil C fractions could also result in higher ecology function in semiarid grassland ecosystems.     

黄土丘陵沟壑区退耕地植被自然演替系列及其植物物种多样性特征

根据吴起县20块样地和60个样方的退耕地植被调查数据,采用时空互代的方法,探讨退耕地植被自然演替系列及其物种多样性的变化规律。结果表明:研究区退耕地植被自然恢复的过程大致可划分为迅速恢复期(1~4年)、初级更替期(5~13年)、高级更替期(13~20年)和缓慢恢复期(20年以后)4个阶段。在25年的退耕地植被自然演替过程中,调查样方内共出现草本植物39种,分属于11科31属。其中,禾本科(Gramineae)、豆科(Legu-minosae)和菊科(Compositae)的物种占属种总数的61.29%和69.23%。群落的优势物种由藜科杂草开始,依次演替为一年生草本和多年生草本,大约20年后演替为地带性多年生草本,形成了依次包括猪毛菜(Salsola collina)、猪毛蒿(Artemisia scoparia)、达乌里胡枝子(Lespedeza davurica)、铁杆蒿(Artemisa vestita)和白羊草(Bothriochloa ischae-mum)5种群落类型的演替系列。整个演替过程中,Margalef指数和Shannon-Wiener指数总体上呈波动式增大,但增长的趋势并不明显,大约20年后各项多样性指数基本趋于稳定。在每一次更高级的群落取代前期群落的过程中,Margalef指数和Shannon-Wiener指数大致表现为先增大后减小,均匀度指数(Jsw,Ea)则表现为先减小后增大。     

珠江水系北江鱼类群落多样性及其演替

摘要：2014-2016年对珠江水系北江5个采样点进行逐月鱼类多样性调查,共采集鱼类86种,隶属于11目25科64属。其中鲤形目49种,鲈形目14种,鲇形目10种,鲱形目4种。其余脂鲤目、颌针鱼目、鳉形目、合鳃鱼目、鲑形目、鲻形目以及鳗鲡目种数均少于5种。北江鱼类群落以定居性、杂食性种类为主。与历史资料相比,鱼类种类减少,洄游性、半洄游性鱼类所占比例下降,定居性、杂食性鱼类所占百分比上升,鱼类群落组成偏向小型化、低龄化。群落多样性分析表明,相同生境类型河段的鱼类物种相似性较高,上游鱼类多样性高于下游。河道水利、过度捕捞和生境退化是北江鱼类群落演替的主要原因。