毛乌素沙地南缘赖草蒸腾速率与叶水势关系的初步研究

通过野外观测，利用统计分析对毛乌素沙地南缘的赖草蒸腾速率与叶水势的关系进行了初步的研究。结果表明：赖草蒸腾速率呈现双峰变化；6月份的水势值要明显大于7月份，说明赖草7月份受到的干旱胁迫要大于6月份；通过相关性分析，建立了赖草蒸腾速率与叶水势间的一元回归模型。     

青海大通退耕还林工程区的林木耗水特性

 为了给退耕还林工程建设的树种选择提供依据,2002—2003年,通过实地观测并应用PenmanMonteith方程和定位通量法,对青海大通黄土高寒区自20世纪80年代陆续退耕还林后营造的青海云杉、紫果云杉、华北落叶松、白桦、青杨和沙棘进行了林木耗水特性研究。结果表明:2种方法测算林地蒸散的月平均相对误差是57%。中龄林的青杨沙棘混交林、白桦纯林、青杨灌木混交林和白桦青海云杉沙棘混交林的生长季蒸散总量为488～538mm,其中蒸腾量占蒸散总量的74%～79%,林地土面蒸发总量占蒸散总量的10%～12%,林地无地表径流产生;处于幼龄生长阶段的紫果云杉、青杨、华北落叶松、青海云杉混交林生长季蒸散总量为450～510mm,其中蒸腾总量占蒸散总量的45%～69%,林地土面蒸发总量占蒸散总量的16%～44%,地表径流量占林地降水量的1%～6%。大部分林分6—8月的蒸腾耗水量占全年的80%。     

白榆沙棘光合生理参数与土壤含水量关系研究

采用Li-6400便携式光合仪在模拟光照条件下，对不同水分处理的白榆、沙棘进行观测。观测参数包括：净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、胞间CO2浓度等。并且运用SPSS数据处理软件进行分析，从而确定白榆、沙棘光合生理参数与土壤含水量之间的关系，并在研究过程中对试验地土壤水分进行有效性评价；其等级分别为：无产无效水、低产低效水、高产高效水、高产低效水。而把高产高效水作为指导当地林业生产的土壤水分管理条件。结果表明白榆沙棘具有高产高效的土壤含水量分别为11．4％～17．2％；9．5％～16．5％。     

基于气候阻力的温室黄瓜蒸腾速率模拟

在北方地区玻璃温室内，观测黄瓜生长期叶温与温室内微气象因子，利用基于能量平衡方程和水汽扩散理论的叶-气温差方程计算植株气孔阻力(ri)，结合同期气候阻力(r^*)和边界层阻力(re)进行分析，结果发现：不同天气条件下ri/re的比值与r^*/re比值之间呈极显著正相关关系，晴天时：ri/re=1.207(r^*/re)-0.326(n=328，r=0.8055)，阴天时：ri/re=0.169(r^*/re)+0.278(n=222，r=0.8076)。根据此拟合方程，以r^*/re代替ri/re代入修正后的P-M公式中计算温室黄瓜的蒸腾速率，与直接代入ri值的计算结果比较，结果晴天与阴天条件下的相对误差均<10%，一致性指数达0.96以上，说明利用拟合方程建立的模型模拟效果很好。此模型能够直接利用气象数据计算温室作物气孔阻力并进而计算蒸腾速率，使温室作物蒸腾速率的计算更简单方便，该文结果对同类温室和作物有参考价值。     

黄土半干旱区不同土壤水分条件下刺槐蒸腾速率的研究

2004年夏在山西方山北京林业大学试验基地,采用L I-1600稳态气孔仪,对不同土壤水分条件下盆栽刺槐的生理指标进行了观测。比较分析了不同水势梯度下、不同时间段刺槐蒸腾耗水速率的变化规律,结果表明:刺槐的蒸腾速率tη(μg/(s.cm2))与生理辐射强度I(μm ol/(s.m2))成幂函数关系;蒸腾速率tη(μg/s.cm2))、气孔阻力Rs/(s.cm2)和土壤体积含水量(W%)之间存在着密切的关系;蒸腾速率一般随光强的增强和土壤水分的提高而增大,刺槐蒸腾速率与土壤水分含量的相关系数平均可达0.882 5。通过研究不同土壤水分条件下刺槐蒸腾速率的差异,提出了刺槐水分利用效率的合理供水范围在10%~15%之间,为干旱半干旱地区提高林木的水分利用效率提供了理论依据。     

Tall and Hard Fescue Responses to Periodic Soil Water Deficits

Tall (Festuca arundmacea Schreb.) and hard (Festuca ovina var. longifolia (L.) Koch) fescues are widely sown to stabilize disturbed soils in the cool–humid and transition climatic zones of the USA. Our objectives were to: a) quantify changes in the allocation of dry matter and growth of tall and hard fescue, forced to grow on stored soil water in sandy soil; and b) compare dry matter allocation over time between roots and shoots to evaluate the dynamics of root-associated drought avoidance mechanisms. A randomized complete block experiment with four replications and two factors (species and stress level) was conducted in a greenhouse. The main blocks consisted of two fescue species: tall fescue and hard fescue; sub-blocks contained stress levels: well-watered and stressed. Low, medium and severe stresses were imposed by withholding water in one set of pots. The types of fescue species grown significantly affected leaf area (LA), plant height (PH), water use (WU), root length (RL), longest root (LR), root area (RA), shoot (SDB) and root dry biomass (RDB), and root:shoot ratio (R/S). Stress level affected PH, WU, LR and RL at low stress; WU, LR and RA at medium stress; LA, PH, SDB, WU, RL, LR, RA and R/S at severe stress. Tall fescue had greater LA, PH, WU, RA, RL, LR, SDB, RDB and R/S than hard fescue under all treatments. Stress reduced LA, PH, SDB, WU, RA, RL, LR and R/S. Significant correlations were obtained for LA with RL, WU, LR, PH. RA, SDB, RDB; RL with WU, LR, PH. RA, SDB. RDB; WU with LR, PH, RA, SDB, RDB; LR with PH. RA, SDB, RDB; PH with RA, SDB, RDB; RA with SDB, RDB; and SDB with RDB. In conclusion, hard fescue had a shallower root system, shorter plant canopy, slower growth, and transpired less water to make it more drought tolerant. Tall fescue, with a deeper root system, longer plant canopy, faster growth, and greater water transpiration, is less drought tolerant at medium and severe stresses. Root attributes strongly correlated with shoot attributes and can be considered for breeding programs promoting drought tolerance.     

Effect of Benzyladenine on Transpiration, Water Potential and its Components in Genotypes of Wheat Contrasting in Drought Tolerance

Drought tolerant and susceptible cultivars of wheat, C-306 and Kalyan sona, growing under non-stressed and water-stressed conditions, were sprayed with benzyladenine (BA) at 70 days after sowing (DAS). Observations recorded at 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 days after spraying revealed that BA increased the rate of transpiration (TR) in C-306 under non-stressed conditions. However, under water stress, the increase was significant only after 5 days of BA spraying. In Kalyan sona BA treatment either decreased TR or did not exhibit significant increase under non-stressed conditions, but caused significant increase in TR under water stress. The increase in TR was elicited through enhanced stomatal opening. Water potential, osmotic potential and pressure potential of both genotypes decreased on account of water stress. The effect of BA was not perceptible on restoration of leaf water potential (LWP) or its components. The effect of BA was possibly confined to stomatal behaviour and transpiration.     

Effects of the Application of Amorphous Silica on Transpiration and Photosynthesis of Soybean Plants Under Varied Soil and Relative Air Humidity Conditions

In epidermal cell walls of soybean leaves treated with amorphous silica accumulation of silica could be detected by means of electron microscopy and electron probe microanalysis. This changed the physical properties of the cell wall and affected the cuticular transpiration and uptake of CO₂: When the soil in which the plants were grown was dry (60% of the field capacity) and relative air humidity was below 50 %, the loss of water through the cuticle was smaller than the loss of CO₂ uptake. This caused a higher grain yield under the conditions of temporarily restricted low air humidity.     

高温胁迫对拔节期水稻光合作用和蒸腾速率的影响

为进一步了解高温对水稻生长的影响机制,为水稻的田间管理提供理论依据,以拔节期镇稻6号为试验材料,对其进行1d、3d和5d的昼间(10:00-15:00)高温(35～40℃)处理,之后转入28℃条件下恢复2d,以28℃未处理水稻为对照,研究较长时间高温处理及常温恢复对水稻光合作用及蒸腾速率的影响.结果表明:昼间高温处理,水稻叶片净光合速率(Pn)和胞间CO2浓度日变化呈先下降后上升的趋势,在中午13:00达到最低点,并且随处理时间的延长逐渐降低;气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr)日变化呈先上升后下降趋势,在中午13:00达到最高点,并随处理时间的延长逐渐升高;短时高温处理(5 d)后常温恢复2d,上述指标即可恢复.结论:夏季高温对拔节期水稻光合作用造成影响,且主要是由非气孔限制因素引起的;蒸腾作用增强是降低叶温的生理机制.     

土壤调盐改良对咸水灌溉冬小麦光合和蒸腾的影响

在天津滨海地区高水位、黏重土壤利用田间小区试验研究土壤调盐改良技术对咸水灌溉的冬小麦光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、叶绿素含量指数等生理指标的影响,试验结果表明,冬小麦播种前采用适当土壤调盐改良技术能够提高冬小麦抽穗期、灌浆期的光合速率、叶绿素含量指数,降低气孔导度、蒸腾速率.小麦冬前施用75 kg/100 m2改良剂(40％风化褐煤+40％磷石膏+20％脱硫石膏)有利于提高冬小麦灌浆期的光合速率,有降低抽穗期、灌浆期小麦的蒸腾速率的效果,冬前施用45 kg/100 m2改良剂(20％风化褐煤+40％磷石膏+20％脱硫石膏+20％沸石粉)对提高冬小麦抽穗期光合速率有利,同时也提高抽穗期小麦的蒸腾速率;土壤调盐改良剂对咸水灌溉冬小麦的气孔导度有明显抑制作用,冬前施用30kg/100 m2改良剂(40％磷石膏+20％脱硫石膏+40％沸石粉)的冬小麦气孔导度与不采用改良措施相比,抽穗期降低52.28％,灌浆期降低39.51％;冬前施用45 kg/100 m2或75 kg/100 m2改良剂(40％风化褐煤+40％磷石膏+20％脱硫石膏)和30 kg/100 m2改良剂(40％磷石膏+20％脱硫石膏+40％沸石粉)均能够显著提高抽穗、灌浆期冬小麦的叶绿素含量指数;冬前施用45 kg/100m2改良剂(20％风化褐煤+40％磷石膏+20％脱硫石膏+20％沸石粉)和30 kg/100 m2改良剂(40％磷石膏+20％脱硫石膏+40％沸石粉),即使在较高土壤含盐量也能够使冬小麦光合速率保持在较高水平,使冬小麦蒸腾速率受到土壤含盐量影响不明显.