油菜精量联合直播机覆秸装置设计与试验

在长江中下游稻油轮作区,前茬水稻机收后秸秆全量留田,当接茬进行油菜精量联合直播作业时,浮秸易缠绕直播机触土部件,造成机具堵塞、种子落在秸秆上难以出苗等问题。为此,结合油菜覆草种植农艺措施,提出适于油菜直播水稻秸秆覆盖还田的机械化作业方案,设计了一种与油菜精量联合直播机配套的覆秸装置。通过理论分析,确定了覆秸装置关键环节工作部件的结构参数、安装位置与安装角及工作转速范围。控制秸秆喂入量分别为0.9、1.1、1.3kg/s,进行性能测试试验,验证了理论分析确定的各部件工作转速的适宜性和秸秆输送顺畅稳定性,结果表明,当播种覆秸作业机组配套69.9kW拖拉机、前进速度0.7m/s、捡拾装置滚筒转速80r/min、集秸装置螺旋输送器转速270r/min和链式提升装置转速270r/min时,机具作业顺畅,秸秆捡拾率达到90%以上。控制均匀铺放装置转速分别为210、240、270、300、330r/min,当转速为300r/min时,秸秆覆盖均匀率最高,超过92%。田间试验表明,覆秸直播机秸秆通过性能良好,各环节工作部件作业稳定,各项设计指标均满足技术标准要求,设计的覆秸装置与油菜精量联合直播机集成,一次作业可完成水稻浮秸的捡拾、堆集、输送、覆盖以及旋耕整地、开畦沟、施肥、油菜播种等工序,适宜在水稻机收后秸秆未作任何处理的稻茬田作业。     

花期渍害胁迫下冬油菜生长及产量模拟研究

渍害是长江流域油菜生产中的多发性气象灾害,为了定量研究花期渍害影响下油菜生长及产量,预报及防控油菜花期渍害影响,以浙平四号和华油杂16为试验材料,通过分析花期渍害对浙平四号油菜生长及产量的影响规律,提出了油菜地上部单株干重、产量及产量构成渍害影响因子,初步建立了花期渍害影响下油菜地上部单株干重、产量及产量构成模型,渍害干物重影响因子为一元二次方程,渍害产量影响因子则呈对数方程。经利用水分控制盆栽试验资料检验,结果表明华油杂16油菜地上部单株干重及单株产量实测值与模拟值相关系数(r)、绝对误差(da)、绝对误差占实测值比率(dap)以及RMSE值分别为0.949 9、0.89 g/株、4.55%及1.09 g;0.920 1、7.89 g/株、39.02%及8.58 g/株。花期渍害下油菜地上部单株干重模拟精度较高,而单株产量的模拟精度较低,说明花期渍害在盆栽试验条件下的表现与田间试验有明显不同。所建模型可与本项目组先期研制的油菜生长模型结合,在进一步检验并获得区域和地点尺度天气预报、模型参数后可用于花期渍害发生时油菜生长及产量预报。     

优质杂交油菜高产制种优化模式初探

为尽快探索出优质杂交油菜高产制种优化模式,提高单位面积制种产量和经济效益,开展了氮、磷、硼、密度、行比五因子研究,采用5×5正交二次旋转设计,根据32个小区杂种产量求出各因子与产量之间多元二次回归方程。运用频数分析法,在计算机上模拟寻优,确定优质杂交油菜制种亩产60公斤以上综合农艺措施最优方案:亩施碳铵47.6—48.5公斤、过磷酸钙26—34公斤、硼砂1.7—1.9公斤、密度为1.4—1.5万株/亩、父母本行比2:2—2:4,其可靠程度达90％以上。     

基于高速摄像的气力式油菜精量排种器投种轨迹分析

采用高速摄像技术,在排种轴转速15r/min、负压-1 500Pa工况下,对正压50~600Pa范围内观察油菜的投种轨迹,并依据目标追踪技术方法提取连续帧图像中油菜籽的坐标位置并获得其运动轨迹曲线;统计分析油菜籽投种轨迹的分布特征,利用高斯函数模型对曲线拟合得到其分布规律,并构建正压与油菜籽投种距离的关系模型;根据油菜籽轨迹曲线获得其投种阶段瞬时速度曲线,明确了油菜籽的运动状态。试验结果表明:在同一工况下的油菜籽轨迹曲线均服从正态分布规律,且正压大小与油菜籽投种距离为线性关系,其相关系数为0.988;当排种器正压范围为100~250Pa时,其投种轨迹变异系数最小。     

黄绵土营养诊断与双低油菜平衡施肥研究

采用温室盆栽与田间试验研究甘肃省高寒阴湿区黄绵土养分状况。结果表明,盆栽诊断黄绵土缺N、P、S和Zn,未表现缺B、Cu和Mn,Fe和Mo元素充足,N、P肥为大田该黄绵土种植油菜的主要限制因子,其次为S、B和Zn,土壤中不缺K,OPT中氮量适中。与OPT相比,减N、P、S、B和Zn油菜分别减产24.5%、27.1%、13.5%、16.8%和8.8%,而增加N用量则产量降低12.2%。推荐施肥N、P2O5、S、B、Zn分别为90、90、105、3.75、3.75kg·hm-2。盆栽诊断与大田平衡施肥间有很好的相关性,可用来指导大田试验。     

Application of Protein Feed Processed by Microbial Fermentation to Dairy Cow

Methionine(Met)and lysine(Lys)have been reported as the first two limiting amino acids(AA)for maximum milk yield and milk protein production.Supplying these AA may improve microbial protein synthesis and therefore improve milk production without adding excess N to the environment.This observation utilized fermented soybean meal(SBM),cottonseed meal(CSM),rapeseed meal(RSM)and corn by Bacillus subtilis 168 and Leuconostoc mesenteroides as core feedstuffs to produce special biological protein feed for dairy cow.The results showed that the milk production,milk protein percentage,milk fat percentage and milk DM percentage of test groups in trial period were significantly more than those of the control group(P<0.01),the results showed that adding fermenting protein feed in dairy cow diets could significantly improve milk yield,milk protein and milk fat content.The economic benefits of actual application were analyzed,the group of 0.5%was the best compared with the other groups.     

Influence of partial substitution of dietary fish oil by vegetable oils on the metabolism of [1-14C] 18:3n-3 in isolated hepatocytes of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.)

The static or declining supply of fish oil from industrial fisheries demands the search of alternatives, such as plant (vegetable) oils, for diets in expanding marine aquaculture. Vegetable oils are rich in C₁₈ polyunsaturated fatty acids but devoid of the n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids in fish oils. Previous studies, primarily with salmonids, have shown that including vegetable oils in their diets increased hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation. In the present study, we have investigated the effects of dietary partial substitution of fish oil (FO) with rapeseed oil (RO), linseed oil (LO) and olive oil (OO) on the desaturation /elongation and, -oxidation capacities of [1-¹⁴C]18:3n-3 in isolated hepatocytes from European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.), in a simultaneous combined assay. Fish were fed during 34 weeks with diets containing 100% FO, or RO, LO and OO, each included at 60% with the balance being met by FO, with no detrimental effect upon growth or survival. The highest total desaturation rates were found in hepatocytes of fish fed FO diet (0.52±0.08 pmol/h/mg protein) and OO diet (0.43±0.09 pmol/h/mg protein), which represented 3.2% and 2.7% of total [1-¹⁴C]18:3n-3 incorporated, respectively. In contrast, lowest desaturation rates were presented by hepatocytes of fish fed LO and RO diets (0.23±0.06 and 0.14±0.05 pmol/h/mg protein, respectively) represented 1.4% and 0.9% of total [1-¹⁴C]18:3n-3 incorporated, respectively. The rates of [1-¹⁴C]18:3n-3 β-oxidized were between 11-fold and 35-fold higher than desaturation. However, no significant differences were observed among β-oxidation activities in hepatocytes of fish fed any of the diets. The present study demonstrated that the European sea bass, as a carnivorous marine fish, presented a ‘marine’ fish pattern in the metabolism of 18:3n-3 to 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3. This species appeared to have all the enzymic activities necessary to produce 22:6n-3 but presented only extremely low rates of fatty acid bioconversion. Furthermore, nutritional regulation of hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation was minimal, and dietary vegetable oils did not increase desaturase activities, and in RO and LO treatments the activity was significantly lower. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

信阳市油菜施肥技术研究

通过对信阳市完成的13个油菜"3414"试验、10个氮肥用量试验、10个五区丰缺试验数据进行汇总分析,建立了信阳市油菜施肥模型,摸清了在本区域内油菜单位产量养分吸收量、土壤有效养分校正系数、土壤供肥量、土壤养分丰缺指标等技术参数,制定出了信阳市油菜施肥建议,为指导全市测土配方施肥技术推广提供了依据。     

磷肥用量对滨海盐土油菜光合性状和干物质生产的影响

为研究盐分土壤条件下磷肥对油菜光合性状和干物质生产的影响效应,以甘蓝型常规油菜品种‘宁油20号’为供试品种,设置不同磷肥用量处理,测定不同生育期叶面积、叶片净光合速率以及干物重。结果表明,0~120 kg/hm²磷肥用量范围内,随着磷肥用量的增加,苗期和初花期叶面积指数、干物质积累量逐渐增加,成熟期籽粒产量及干物质积累量也逐渐增加。不施磷肥和30 kg/hm²磷肥用量处理籽粒含油率较低,在磷肥用量达到60 kg/hm²时再增加磷肥用量籽粒含油率无显著变化。苗期叶片净光合速率随磷肥用量的变化趋势与干物重变化一致,当磷肥用量达到60 kg/hm²时进一步增加磷肥用量,初花期叶片净光合速率无显著变化。     

硼肥不同施用方法对杂交油菜秧苗素质及产量的影响

在油菜品种丰油730整个生育过程中分别以5种不同的硼肥施肥方法进行处理,研究施硼方法对杂交油菜秧苗素质及产量的影响。结果表明,5种硼肥施用方法均可以提高油菜的产量,其中以苗床和大田施硼肥作基肥,花期追硼肥方法油菜产量最高。