晚播油菜绿肥适宜播种量研究

以华油杂62为试验材料,通过田间试验研究了10个播种量（11.25~45.00kg/hm ²）对油菜绿肥生物量和养分积累量的影响,为确定晚播油菜绿肥适宜播种量提供依据。结果表明,不同播种量明显影响油菜生物量及养分累积。当播种量在11.25~33.75kg/hm ²,油菜鲜、干重均随播种量增加而提高,播种量为33.75kg/hm ²时,油菜鲜重为24t/hm ²,干物质量为3.7t/hm ²;当播种量>33.75kg/hm ²时,各处理间油菜生物量没有显著差异。油菜绿肥C、N、P、K养分累积量随播种量的变化趋势与生物量一致,当播种量为33.75kg/hm ²时,C、N、P、K养分累积量分别为1562.0、56.7、12.2、103.2kg/hm ²;方程模拟结果表明,C、N、P、K累积量达到最高值时所对应的播种量分别为40.6、40.5、36.7和36.1kg/hm ²。综合结果显示,本试验条件下油菜绿肥晚播时的适宜播种量为35~40kg/hm ²。     

Regulatory effects of sulfur on oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) response to selenite

Selenite is a form of selenium (Se) commonly found in Se-excessive soils. To regulate the Se content in plants in high-Se areas, a potted soil experiment was performed on oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) to evaluate the effects of varied amounts of sulfur (S) on the biomass, accumulation and distribution of Se in B. napus under the conditions of different amounts of Se in the soil. The results showed that the seedlings of B. napus were more sensitive to Se than the mature plants were. The addition of S significantly alleviated the growth inhibition in seedlings and facilitated the growth of mature plants under higher Se (15 mg kg^?1) conditions. S treatment significantly decreased soil pH within the range of 0.22–0.60. An appropriate moderate amount (150 mg kg^?1) of S exerted the strongest inhibition on Se concentration and accumulation in B. napus at the seedling stage, but a higher amount (300 mg kg^?1) of S led to a more significant decrease in the mature plants under higher Se conditions, with the maximum reduction in various parts of B. napus reaching 51.3–60.9% and 42.5–53.4%, respectively. The application of S only affected the uptake of Se, and not the translocation of Se; the accumulation of Se in B. napus follows the sequence of pod ≈ stem > rapeseed > root, and the distribution ratio is approximately 1.00:0.97:0.69:0.49. Overall, the application of S alleviated the inhibitory effect on growth caused by excessive Se by reducing the Se concentration in B. napus and facilitating its growth, suggesting that S treatment is a suitable and highly cost-effective method to regulate the content of Se in B. napus.     

Seed vigor and boron and calcium nutrition influence oilseed rape germinability and seedling growth under salt stress

The beneficial effects of boron (B) and calcium (Ca) nutrition on pea seed germinability under salinity stress have recently been shown. However, nothing is known about the influence of seed vigor status on these results, especially in oilseed rape as an important oil crop worldwide. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of seed vigor, boron and calcium nutrition on seed germinability, seedling growth, and some biochemical characteristics of oilseed rape seedlings under salinity. In spite of promotive effects of application of both boron and calcium nutrition on oilseed rape germinability and seedling growth, there was a more significant promotion on germination rate of high vigor seeds. Proline content and guaiacol peroxidase activity of seedlings were significantly increased by adding supplemental boron to the medium compared to the control. Finally, it can be concluded that boron and calcium nutrition would improve the salt tolerance capability of oilseed rape seedlings from vigorous seeds, at least in the early plant development.     

基于决策树和随机森林模型的湖北油菜产量限制因子分析*1

利用1961-2014年湖北省主产县油菜产量统计资料及同期气象观测资料,采用决策树和随机森林模型,对影响油菜产量的气候因子进行分析。结果表明：温度、日照时数及干旱、湿渍害对油菜产量均有不同程度的影响,且因生育期不同而存在差异。油菜开花期以前对低温敏感,开花期以后对高温敏感;苗期和蕾薹期对干旱较敏感,开花期和角果期对湿渍害更敏感;日照时数对油菜产量的影响受水分状况的制约,在干旱状况下日照偏多不利于产量形成,偏湿状况下则表现为日照越多越有利于产量形成。在各限制因子中,以湿渍害发生频率对油菜产量的影响最高,其次是干旱和冻害。湿渍害对产量的影响以高湿寡照的次生灾害影响较土壤偏湿的直接影响更大。     

适应机械化收获的田间油菜植株特性研究

油菜机械化收获过程出现的高损失率制约了油菜生产的发展,单纯从农机方面进行研究难以解决。该文从农机农艺相结合出发,对田间油菜植株特性进行测试研究。测试大田植株整体表现特性及不同密度下植株茎秆物理特性的田间表现,并在不同成熟度和催熟剂喷施情形下对油菜角果拉断力进行测试,获得了田间植株特性基础数据。结果表明适宜的种植密度有利于机械化收获作业,催熟剂的喷施对机收作业性能影响不大。研究获得了直播油菜的田间植株表现特征,同时为油菜机收配套农艺要求提供理论研究基础和参考依据。     

油菜秸秆用量对淹水培养土壤表层溶液理化性质的影响

采用模拟培养的方法,通过测定土壤表层培养液的电导率、pH、不同形态氮、全磷、全钾等指标,研究了油菜秸秆用量对淹水培养土壤表层溶液理化性质的影响。结果表明,各处理土壤表层溶液电导率在培养初期呈上升趋势,第8d达到最大,随后呈下降的趋势。pH值在培养的前3d呈缓慢下降的趋势;从第4d开始迅速升高;16d后达到相对稳定的状态,随后变化不大。在培养初期全氮浓度迅速增加,第8d达到最大,随后迅速下降;到第44d,下降趋势开始减缓,不同处理之间相差不大。铵态氮的变化趋势与全氮的变化趋势一致。各处理间硝态氮含量较低,差别不显著。施加秸秆能够增加水溶液中有机氮浓度。全磷在培养初期变化较小,第12d开始迅速升高,第20d达到最高,随后呈下降趋势。施加秸秆后对田面水溶液全钾浓度的影响主要发生在培养后第1d,整个培养期内变幅不大。施加秸秆能够增加培养液中养分含量,与秸秆用量成正比。从养分流失角度考虑,控制氮素、磷素和钾素田面流失主要时期为秸秆还田后30d内。     

北方地区白菜型冬油菜与春油菜的SSR和InDel遗传多样性分析

为了合理评价北方地区白菜型油菜种质资源,为抗寒育种及组合配制提供依据,从252对标记中筛选出9对SSR和36对In Del标记对感温性、抗寒性、品质等性状差异明显的19份白菜型油菜品种的遗传多样性和亲缘关系进行了分析。结果表明,共检测到95个等位变异,平均每个标记2.15个;有效等位基因变幅为1.05~3.27个,平均为1.70个。Shannon指数的变幅范围在0.121 7~1.269 5间,平均值为0.580 3;多态性信息量PIC变幅范围为0.049 9~0.637 7,平均值为0.308 1。通过NTSYS计算遗传相似系数GS并按加权配对法(UPGMA)聚类,结果表明19份材料的GS变异在0.52~0.86之间。在GS为0.605水平上可将19份材料按两室与多室性划分为I-1和I-2两大类群,I-1类群在GS为0.655水平上可按冬春性分为II-1、II-2两个亚类群。在GS为0.71水平上,可将冬性材料划分为4个小群。聚类结果表明北方地区白菜型油菜的遗传多样性丰富,冬、春性品种间及春性品种间亲缘关系较远,存在较大遗传差异。     

基于连续统去除和偏最小二乘回归的油菜SPAD高光谱估算

【目的】探讨油菜叶绿素含量的高光谱估算方法,为实现油菜叶片叶绿素含量的高效、无损、大面积监测提供理论依据。【方法】以陕西省关中地区油菜叶片为研究对象,分别测定苗期、蕾薹期、开花期及角果期的叶片高光谱数据和SPAD值,提取各生育期连续统去除光谱和7类光谱吸收特征参数,分析原始光谱、连续统去除光谱、光谱吸收特征参数与SPAD值之间的相关关系,构建基于原始光谱特征波段、连续统去除光谱特征波段、光谱吸收特征参数的SPAD估算模型,并对模型精度进行验证。【结果】在可见光范围,光谱反射率由蕾薹期、开花期、苗期到角果期依次递增,最大吸收深度和吸收谷面积逐渐增大。利用连续统去除光谱特征波段与吸收特征参数,分别建立的油菜各生育期叶片SPAD估算模型均优于原始光谱。运用连续统去除光谱特征波段结合最优吸收特征参数构建的偏最小二乘回归估算模型,是进行油菜叶片SPAD估算的最优模型。【结论】连续统去除法对不同生育期油菜叶片叶绿素相对含量具有较好的预测能力,是估算油菜叶片SPAD值的一种实时高效方法。     

免耕稻油轮作模式探讨

稻油轮作是保障我国粮油安全的重要耕作制度.从农业节肥减药、生态高效、机械化轻简栽培等视角出发,提出了适合湖南地区的免耕稻油轮作模式,阐述了关键技术,分析其可行性,并对其可持续发展进行展望.     

H2O2浸种对晚直播油菜生长及产量的影响

H2O2浸种能够促进低温胁迫下油菜种子的物质代谢,为适应直播油菜不同播期生产需求,研究H2O2浸种对不同播期油菜生长发育的影响,提高晚直播油菜产量。2017年以南农油4号为材料,设置播期(早播10月5日,晚播10月25日)和0.05%的H2O2浸种两个因素,采用露天盆栽试验观察油菜在越冬期的光合特性及全生育期生长发育动态。结果表明:(1)晚播使油菜苗期延长而蕾薹期缩短,初花前可利用积温从1349.5℃·d减少至1095.5℃·d,导致油菜营养生长期干物质积累减少,而生殖生长期活动积温升高,相比早播的1042.5℃·d升高为1119.5℃·d。由于晚播生育期缩短,活动积温减少,干物质积累降低,最终显著减产8.3%。(2) H2O2浸种处理对早播油菜萌发出苗及地上部生物量无显著影响,但显著抑制了地下部生物量及光合能力,降低了越冬期干物质积累,继而影响后期产量形成,最终造成油菜显著减产,降幅为10.9%。(3) H2O2浸种处理促进了晚播油菜萌发出苗,增大叶面积,促进了油菜干物质积累使产量显著升高,增幅为15.7%。因此在油菜晚直播条件下,可通过H2O2浸种处理以提高产量。