Chlorophyll fluorescence transient as a genetic marker of productivity in barley

Summary The photosynthetic characteristics of the penultimate leaf in barley genotypes (reciprocal F1 combinations and varieties) were studied at the flowering stage in order to analyze the relationship between these traits and the biological yield and the economic yield. The biological yield was correlated with the leaf area whereas the economic yield was more dependent on the green area duration of the leaf or the combination of the two factors, leaf area and green area duration. The net photosynthesis per unit leaf area, determined at anthesis, was not a factor of productivity. On the other hand, the chlorophyll fluorescence (P), which was negatively correlated with the leaf area (+0.5) and with the combination of leaf area and green area duration (+0.5), was found to be a good marker of the economic yield. In view of its high heritability, it may provide an effective selection criterion.     

番茄不同生育期遮荫对其干物质分布、产量及叶片养分含量的影响

Pot-grown tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Maofen) was used to study the effects of three shading levels (0, 75% and 40%) for 8 days on dry matter partitioning, contents of nitrogen (N),phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) in leaves and yield at three growth stages (early flowering (EF), peak flowering (PF) and later flowering (LF)). Shading reduced the dry weight of root and stem tissues at the EF and PF stages, but the 40% shading increased root dry weight and stem dry weight by 43.2% and 21.6%,respectively, at the LF stage. The influence of shading on the dry weight of leaves was very small at most growth stages. Shading had no effects on total leaf N, P and K contents at the EF and PF stages, showing that N, P and K absorption were regulated by the carbon assimilation at these two stages. The leaf N, Pand K contents of 40% shaded plants at the LF stage were significantly increased. There were no obvious differences in leaf N and K contents between 75% and 40% shading treatments, but significant difference in leaf P contents was found between them at the LF stage. Shading significantly enhanced the friit yield of 40% shaded tomato plants at the LF stage, but failed to affect the fruit yield of shaded plants at the EF stage. These showed that tomato could grow well and a better yield could be obtained if some moderate shading (i.e., 40% shading) was applied at the LF stage at s, mmer midday.     

大豆幼苗光合特性对锰营养的响应

采用溶液培养方法,设Mn2+浓度为0、0.05、0.50、5、30、50.mg/L,探讨了2种大豆品种(浙春2号、东北大豆854-11)的幼苗光合特性对不同锰浓度的响应。结果表明,低锰浓度提高了大豆叶片的初始荧光(Fo)、最大荧光(Fm)、PSⅡ原初光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)、潜在光化学活性(Fv/Fo)和光化学猝灭系数(qP),高锰降低了Fo、Fm、Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo、qP。随着锰营养的增加,非光化学猝灭系数(qN)增大。适量的锰浓度显著提高了大豆的净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs),降低了气孔阻力(Rs)和细胞间CO2浓度(Ci),随着锰浓度的逐渐增大,降低了Pn、Tr、Gs,提高了Rs、Ci。0.50.mg/L下的锰浓度有最大的Fo,5.mg/L下的锰浓度有最大的Fm、qP、Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo,表明0.505～mg/L的锰浓度有利于大豆的光合作用。在50.mg/L的锰浓度下,两个大豆品种有最大的qN、Rs、Ci和最小的Tr、Pn,此时两个品种大豆耗散了过剩的激发能,降低了大豆叶片的光合速率,对大豆已产生了一定的伤害。两个品种大豆光合特性对锰的响应存在着基因型差异,浙春2号较东北大豆耐锰胁迫。     

不同氮效率小麦品种的光合碳同化特性

不同氮效率小麦品种的子粒产量和氮效率在缺氮条件(-N)下均以氮高效品种(H)最高,中效品种(M)次之,低效品种(L)最低。在-N下,不同氮效率品种相比,旗叶各测定期的光合速率(Pn)、叶肉导度(Gm)、碳酸酐酶(CA)活性、可溶性蛋白含量(SP)和RuBPcase活性均以H最高,M次之,L最低;叶绿素含量(Chl)、气孔导度(Gs)、Ca2+-ATPase活性和Mg2+-ATPase活性在不同氮效率品种之间的表现规律较差。结果还表明,光合作用底物CO2在液相中较强的传导能力和较强的暗反应活性,是氮胁迫条件下氮高效小麦品种具有较强光合碳同化能力和物质生产能力的重要生理基础。-N下的旗叶叶源量(LSC)、光合速率高值持续期(PAD)、叶绿素含量缓降期(RSP)、叶面积(LA)和平均光合速率值以H最大,M次之,L最低;丰氮条件(+N)下,子粒产量、氮效率和旗叶光合生理参数大体以M较好,H次之,L较差,与-N下不同氮效率品种上述性状或参数的表现规律有所不同。     

Effect of iron deficiency on the growth,development and grain yield of some selected upland rice genotypes in the rainforest

Abstract

Iron deficiency is a major production constraint of upland rice in the tropics despite is abundance in the soil. This investigation aimed to explicate the effect of iron deficiency on the growth, development, grain yield and its attributes of some selected upland rice in the rainforest. Field experiments were established at Africa Rice sub-Station, Ibadan, Nigeria. The treatments consisted of 35 upland rice genotypes and availability of iron in the soil (Fe-sufficient and Fe-deficient). The treatments were arranged in alpha lattice design with three replications. It was observed that upland rice sown in iron (Fe) deficient soils had significantly lower growth (plant height, number of tillers and seedling vigor), flowered later, with significantly lower yield attributes (1000 grain weight, filled grain) and grain yield than those sown in Fe-sufficient soils. Conversely, the number of unfilled grains were significantly higher in upland rice sown in Fe-deficient than those in sufficient soils. Percentage yield loss was in the range 98.00% to 22.95% for China best and Faro 65 respectively. Genotypes were identified to be tolerant (Faro 65, NERICA 3 and IRAT 109) and susceptible (Ofada 2, NERICA 5 and China Best) to Fe-deficiency based on their percentage grain yield loss. These evidences suggested that despite the increased phenology of upland rice sown in Fe-deficient soils their reproductive growth was suppressed through increased number of unfilled grains as witnessed in China Best and Faro 64.     

增强UV-B辐射对光氧化水稻812HS光合特性和生长的影响

为了解光氧化水稻的光合特性对UV-B辐射的反应,以籼稻两用不育系812S(野生型)及其光氧化突变株系812HS为材料,在自然条件下,采用40 kJ·m^-2·d^-1剂量的UV-B增强辐射处理植株65 d,分别在幼苗期、分蘖期、拔节期、抽穗期、灌浆期进行相关生理指标检测和分析。结果表明,与自然光照条件相比,增强UV-B辐射使812HS的分蘖数和有效分蘖数减少,植株矮化,但对其生长抑制程度弱于普通水稻;812HS的叶绿素含量在分蘖期显著降低,但降低幅度低于普通水稻,抽穗期后叶绿素含量显著增加,尤其是在灌浆期,812HS叶绿体含量的增加幅度较普通水稻极显著多出34.3个百分点。增强UV-B辐射处理后,812HS的PSⅡ原初光转化效率(F_v/F_m)在分蘖期的提高幅度比普通水稻大,而在拔节期和灌浆期则明显低于普通水稻。PSⅡ失活的原因是质体醌PQs和PSI蛋白复合体对UV-B辐射敏感,电子从QA-向QB^-传递过程受阻,致使快还原型库PQ受影响,说明增强UV-B辐射会抑制水稻的光合作用和生长,但对光氧化水稻812HS的抑制效应弱于普通水稻。本研究结果对于深入了解水稻的光氧化知识和丰富水稻栽培生理知识具有积极意义。     

温室环境多级控制系统及优化目标值设定的初步研究

该文采用多级控制策略，优化设定系统目标值来解决温室环境系统中多个时间响应常数相差过大的问题；设定系统优化目标值时，白天使植物获得最大的光合速率，夜间在满足植物生长和积温要求的前提下使温室处在能耗最小的状态下运行。构建了能量消耗为零（无加热、无制冷和无机械通风）时计算温室内部温度的模型，采用遗传算法对最优目标值进行搜索。计算结果表明：该系统优于某地先进的温室控制系统，既能获得较高的效率又能节能。     

黄土半干旱地区油松与侧柏林分适宜土壤含水量研究

采用人工控制土壤水分的方法 ,野外定期现场实测了山西省方山县峪口镇径流林业试验基地内油松与侧柏人工林的土壤水分、光合速率、气孔阻力及其环境因子 ,研究了油松与侧柏光合速率与土壤含水量的关系 ,证明两树种的光合速率与土壤含水量的关系均可用回归方程 Pn=b b1 C b2 C2来表示。研究表明 ,在该地区油松与侧柏的适宜土壤含水量范围分别为 10～ 18 ,8～ 18 ,最佳适宜土壤含水量分别为 14 .2 ,13.1 ,相对应最大光合速率分别为 5 .7,8.3μmol/ m2 .s,说明在同样的水分条件下侧柏的水分利用效率要比油松高 ,侧柏更适合该地区立地条件。这为在黄土高原地区布设相应的径流林业措施、进行有效的土壤水分管理提供了理论依据。