Production of hybrids between Cajanus acutifolius and C. cajan

There are many wild species of pigeonpea which are endemic to Australia. These wild species are cross incompatible with cultivated species of Indian origin. Cajanus acutifolius is one such species which does not easily cross with cultivated pigeonpea. Interspecific pollinations lead to hybrid seeds which were semi-shrivelled. Very few seeds germinated to give rise to F1 plants. Backcrossing the hybrid plants to C. cajan, the male parent, gave rise to aborting seeds which did not germinate in vivo hence BC1 plants are obtained after saving the aborting embryos in vitro. BC₁ plants showed normal meiotic pairing, but had low pollen fertility. The reasons for embryo abortion and low pollen fertility in spite of normal meiosis could be due to the effect of wild species cytoplasm. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

大豆种间杂交产量性状的遗传变异

1980年,我们用野生、半野生大豆与不同类型的栽培大豆杂交,共计10个组合.研究了杂种后代农艺性状的变异、遗传及其相互关系.结果表明:F_1;除百粒重外其它性状均有明显的杂种优势.F_2、F_3、F_4分离相当复杂,并出现许多超高亲单株和品系,其中最主要的产量性状为株高、主茎节数、每株荚数和粒数.这些性状变异幅度大,遗传力高,并与产量存在显著的正相关.有些组合百粒重与产量相关也比较明显.据我们研究,可以通过双亲百粒重预测其后代百粒重的大小,其公式为:(P_1P_2)~1/2(几何平均数)≤F_1(百粒重)<(1/2)(P_1+P_2)算术平均数.F_1与F_2,F_2与F_3百粒重之间关系密切,相关系数分别为O.9450、0.763l.这样,在F_l就可以选择百粒重.在高产×高产的组合中,后代分离高产单株和品系的机率大,实际产量也高,因此,可以早代淘汰组合.随着世代的增加,一些主要的农艺性状有明显的进化趋势,茎变粗,半直立、直立类型增多,F_2种皮分离出所有栽培大豆颜色(黄、黑、青、褐、双)及一系列的过渡色,还发现新的狸色,反映出大豆种皮色的进化历程.     

Interspecific hybridization inBrassica juncea × Brassica hirta using embryo rescue

Summary Interspecific hybrids have been obtained in an otherwise incompatible cross betweenBrassica juncea × Brassica hirta through the in vitro culture of hybrid ovules and ovaries. The best response was observed from ovules and ovaries cultured 10–15 and 5–7 days after pollination respectively on a basal medium supplemented with indoleacetic acid, kinetin and casein hydrolysate. In some cases the basal cut end of the ovaries proliferated to form callus and shoots. The in vitro-derived hybrid seeds varied in their colour, size and shape, and the F₁ plants in the field showed a large diversity in their morphological traits. The hybrids were sterile, and had an intermediate number of chromosomes (2n=30).     

Interspecific hybridization of a multiploid mutant of durum wheat with rye and Triticum monococcum L. results in pentaploid hybrids

The multiploid mutant of durum wheat is a genotype that produces unreduced gametes. Our objective was to test the recovery of pentaploid hybrids in crosses of the mutant with rye and Triticum monococcum L. Compared with check crosses, the mutant had a two‐third reduction in percent seed set for rye crosses, but had only a slight decrease in crossability with T. monococcum. Pentaploid hybrids were associated with plump seeds of the mutant/rye cross, and with shrivelled seeds of the mutant/T. monococcum cross. We suggest that the endosperm balance number hypothesis explains the association of pentaploid hybrids with endosperm type. This association made for easy recovery of pentaploid hybrids from crosses to both species. Mature, plump seeds from the mutant/rye cross were germinated and pentaploid hybrids were recovered. One pentaploid hybrid was recovered for every 50.5 and 15.1 florets pollinated with rye and T. monococcum, respectively. Unreduced gametes in the multiploid mutant will facilitate interspecific hybridization by reducing the time to produce pentaploid plants.     

Critical Discussion on Abortive Interspecific Crosses in Brassica

In most interspecific hybridization among diploid Brassica species (n = 8, 9, 10), few or no hybrids are obtained, and the three crosses of tetraploid (n = 17, 18, 19) by diploid species are usually only partially successful, especially in one of the reciprocal crosses. Such a cross-incompatibility complex is explained in this paper by a polar-nuclei activation (PNA) hypothesis which proposes two reversible functions, a normal reproduction and a sexual barrier, of double fertilization in higher plants. The first, i.e. the relative activating value (AV) of diploid species, was estimated as 1.0–3.5, whereas that of tetraploid species was 2.7–5.2. In addition, crosses with a polar nuclei activation index (AI) of about 15–87 % were compatible but those beyond the two limits were incompatible, 50 % of those showing normal seed development after self-pollination.     

杉木木质化过程特异表达基因文库的构建与分析

研究木质部木质化过程及其生物学特性对于了解木本植物水分和矿物质的吸收及运输机制、木材形成的遗传控制、改良材性及提高木材生长量具有十分重要的意义。为了获得杉木木质化过程中特异表达的基因,本研究利用抑制差减杂交技术,以杉木突变体独干杉无性系为测试方(Tester),正常的句容0号无性系为驱动方(Driver),构建了正向和反向两个差减文库,分别获得了618和409个克隆。利用通用引物T7和SP6进行PCR及EcoRⅠ酶切鉴定文库重组子,结果证明所构建的文库符合要求,具有代表性。该文库的成功构建为获得杉木木质化过程中特异表达的基因及深入了解木本植物木质化的机理奠定了基础。     

Morphological and molecular analysis of androgenetic, selfed and backcrossed plants produced from a Hordeum vulgare x H, bulbosum hybrid

Anther culture (AC) was carried out on a fertile triploid hybrid between Hordeum vulgare L. (cultivated barley) and H. bulbosum L, (bulbous barley grass) to determine whether AC-derived regenerants differed from progeny obtained through selfing and backcrossing. Chromosome counts were carried out on all plants and DNA was extracted from them to prepare Southern blots for molecular analysis. To identify true recombinants, the blots were probed with rye repetitive sequence probes (pSc119.1 and pScl19.2). which hybridize strongly and specifically to H. bulbosum DNA. Twenty probes that detect single- or low-copy sequences were hybridized with Southern blots containing restricted DNA extracted from 25 AC-derived plants, 11 selfed and six backcrossed progeny that showed hybridizations with pScll9. Although restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) were only observed using probes that map to four of the possible 14 chromosome arms, an introgression associated with chromosome 6HS was frequently observed among plants derived from AC. selfing and backcrossing. Plants from AC differed from selfed and backcrossed progeny in their chromosome number; unique RFLP bands that were occasionally observed may indicate chromosomal rearrangements.     

盐碱胁迫下羊草消减文库的构建及分析

以盐碱胁迫下的羊草地上部分cDNA为实验方(tester),非盐碱条件下生长的羊草地上部分cDNA为消减方(driver),利用抑制性消减杂交技术(suppression subtractive hybridization,SSH)构建了盐碱胁迫下羊草消减文库.从消减文库中筛选1920个阳性克隆,PCR鉴定插入片段大部分集中在300～800 bp之间.将聚类后得到的552个非重复序列与GenBank中的序列进行比对,其中有548条与数据库中的序列有同源性,其中功能已知的339个,功能未知序列209条.获得了与盐碱胁迫相关的基因,如单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(MDAR)、γ-谷氨酰半胱氨酸合成酶(γ-ECS)、铁蛋白(Ferrtin)、水孔蛋白(PIP)、脱水素基因(dehydrin)、14-3-3蛋白等.本实验为抗逆基因的克隆及系统研究盐碱胁迫下羊草相关基因的表达奠定了基础.     

Production and genetic evaluation of interspecific hybrids within the genus Sambucus

Attempts were made to produce hybrids among various Sambucus species in order to change the plant structure of S. nigra, a medicinal plant of increasing agricultural importance. The first successful genetic recombination, involving four species, was conducted after the introduction of S. javanica from a South Pacific island. A series of genetic analyses of the involved species and some relatives was performed in order to obtain reliable data on genetic similarity among parental species and to confirm the hybrid nature of putative hybrids. The nuclear 2C DNA content revealed by flow cytometry of nine species showed limited variation, the greatest being in S. nigra (28.6 pg) and the smallest in S. caerulea (23.9 pg). Maximum parsimony analysis of seven Sambucus species was used to form two dendrograms, one based on the sequenced nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and the other based on the cpDNA trnT‐trnF region. The results showed similar clustering into distinct groups; on both dendrograms S. nigra and S. javanica ES were closely related. Analysis of hybrid origin was based on the sequenced cpDNA region, genome size differences and PCR–RFLP analysis of the nrDNA ITS region. The seed parent and maternal origin of cpDNA was confirmed for all hybrids, while the pollen parent was confirmed in 21 of 22 putative hybrid plants tested.     

Meiosis and pollen grain viability in Helianthus mollis,Helianthus salicifolius,Helianthus maximiliani and their F1 hybrids with cultivated sunflower

Three diploid perennial sunflower species are useful for variety improvement: Helianthus mollis, because of sessile leaves, H. salicifolius, because of a high oil concentration, and H. maximiliani, a potential source of resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. The crossability of these species to cultivated sunflower was examined.Hybrids were obtained from eight combinations, with 3–15 F₁ plants per combination. The F₁'s exhibited the dominant phenotype of the wild species. Pollen viability varied between 32.1 and 69.9%. Meiosis was irregular in the F₁ hybrids. At diakinesis, bivalents (62.7–97.9% of meiocytes), univalents (0–31.23%), and multivalents (3.84–7.68%) were detected. At anaphase I, chromosome bridges were detected in 6.77 to 11.44% of meiocytes. Fast chromosomes in metaphase I, and lagging chromosomes in anaphase I and telophase II were evidenced in a high percentage of meiocytes.