生姜浸提液对西瓜和苦瓜的化感作用

以不同浓度的生姜根茎浸提液为供体,以早佳8424西瓜和大白苦瓜为受体,采用培养皿滤纸法,初步研究了不同浓度生姜根茎浸提液对西瓜和苦瓜的化感作用。试验结果表明,当生姜根茎浸提液在2.5~20 g/L的浓度范围内,对西瓜和苦瓜的种子萌发和幼苗生长均具有促进作用,在低浓度时促进作用较为明显,随着浓度的升高促进作用减弱。当生姜浸提液浓度为2.5 g/L时,西瓜幼苗生长最好;浸提液浓度为5~10 g/L时,苦瓜幼苗生长最好。     

加工番茄植株浸提液对受体作物幼苗生长及酶活性的影响

为探讨加工番茄植株的化感潜力,采用蛭石培养试验研究了加工番茄植株水浸提液对白菜、萝卜、棉花和小麦幼苗生长及酶活性的影响。结果表明,加工番茄植株水浸提液对白菜、萝卜、棉花和小麦种子的萌发和幼苗生长及幼苗叶片酶活性均存在不同程度化感作用。随着浸提液质量浓度的增加,化感作用不断加强,且表现出一定的质量浓度效应,果实水浸提液质量浓度为0.01g·mL-1时,对白菜幼苗根长有促进作用,质量浓度为0.08g·mL-1时,对其根长表现为抑制作用;不同器官的水浸提液对受体植物的化感作用也存在差异,其作用强度大部分表现为果实叶片茎根,当质量浓度为0.08g·mL-1时,果实浸提液对棉花幼苗鲜质量的抑制作用与根、茎和叶相比分别增加19.7%、23.4%和15.1%,差异达显著水平(P0.05);不同受体对不同质量浓度浸提液的化感效应不同,对棉花和小麦幼苗鲜质量的抑制作用在质量浓度为0.02g·mL-1时就达显著水平,而对萝卜和白菜幼苗鲜质量的抑制作用在质量浓度为0.04g·mL-1时开始表现显著。可见,棉花和小麦对加工番茄水浸提液的敏感度高于白菜和萝卜,说明加工番茄各器官浸提液对小麦和棉花的化感效应明显。     

不同蔬菜种类间化感作用研究

通过盆栽方式,研究了黄瓜、辣椒、番茄和白菜水浸液的化感作用。结果表明:黄瓜、辣椒、番茄和白菜水浸液均有自毒作用;黄瓜水浸液抑制辣椒、番茄的种子萌发和幼苗生长,抑制白菜幼苗根系的伸长;辣椒水浸液对黄瓜种子萌发和根系生长产生抑制作用,经辣椒水浸液处理过的番茄、白菜种子萌发和幼苗生长均受到抑制;番茄水浸液促进了黄瓜、白菜幼苗生长,却对2者根系生长表现出抑制作用,经番茄水浸液处理后的辣椒种子发芽率、苗高、根长和鲜重与对照相比,均有所降低;白菜水浸液抑制了黄瓜、辣椒、番茄3种作物的种子萌发和幼苗的生长。通过隶属函数值可知,不同蔬菜作物的化感作用从强到弱的顺序为:白菜黄瓜辣椒番茄。     

Crude extract of Astragalus mongholicus root inhibits crop seed germination and soil nitrifying activity

Astragalus mongholicus has been of medicinal use within the traditional Chinese system for centuries. However, little information is available on its allelopathic effects on other crop plants and soil biochemical properties. Field experiment showed that the extracted residues of A. mongholicus root inhibited seed germination of wheat. Inhibition of seed germination was further confirmed in laboratory using the same crude extract. When the crude extract was applied to soil at various rates and incubated for 30 days, soil urease activity and denitrifying enzyme activity were significantly increased while soil nitrification rate was significantly decreased at 10% amendment rate as compared to the control. Soil respiration rate was significantly increased by the crude extract when measured at the start of incubation but returned to basal levels after 30 days of incubation. The crude extract supplemented to NB medium significantly decreased the colony numbers of Agrobacterium tumefaciens C58, Paraccocus denitrificans and soil bacteria. The stimulating effects of crude extract observed in the amended soil was attributed to the easily-available carbohydrates in the extract, which might served as external energy sources for heterotrophic microbial activities. It was concluded that A. mongholicus contained some compounds that inhibited seed germination, soil nitrification and bacterial growth in general. Possible links between allelochemicals responsible for the inhibitory effects observed in the present study and the medically bioactive compounds are discussed based on information reported in other fields. Further work is needed to specify and verify the allelochemicals produced by this herbal plant.     

Biodiversity of endophytic bacteria which colonize red clover nodules, roots, stems and foliage and their influence on host growth

The aim of this study was to identifiy the endophytic bacteria recovered from the foliage, tap roots and nodules of red clover plants (Trifolium pratense L.); and to assess the effects of the nodule bacteria, alone and in combination with Rhizobium spp., on the growth and development of red clover seedlings. Thirty-one bacteria species from 14 different genera were recovered from within the foliage, roots and nodules of red clover plants cv. AC Charlie. Genera diversity and species number were greatest in foliage tissues. Pantoea agglomerans (59.6%) was the most frequent species recovered in foliage tissues, Agrobacterium rhizogenes A in the tap root (49.2%) and Rhizobium leguminosarum BV phaseoli and R. loti B in the nodules (27.2% each). Recovery of Rhizobium species was not restricted to the nodules, and species of this genus were systemic throughout the plant. Clover root nodules were host to 12 bacteria species other than rhizobia, of which 8 were specific to this tissue. Using non-selective media, R. leguminosarum BV trifolii constituted only 8.8% of all the root nodule bacteria recovered. In root bacterization experiments, species of nodule bacteria promoted growth of red clover more often when applied in combination with R. leguminosarum BV trifolii than when applied singly. However, Bacillus megaterium, Bordetella avium and Curtobacterium luteum consistently promoted growth either individually or in combination with R. leguminosarum BV trifolii. Nodulation was promoted when R. leguminosarum BV trifolii was coinoculated with Bacillus insolitus, B. brevis or A. rhizogenes A. Single isolate applications of Rhizobium species to roots always led to the depression of clover growth, but mixtures of R. leguminosarum BV trifolii and R. leguminosarum BV phaseoli resulted in growth promotion. The latter is considered further evidence of the beneficial allelopathic side effect of strain competition for the same ecological niche. Received: 27 June 1996     

化感作用研究中渗透势对生物测定结果的影响

在不同渗透势的甘露醇溶液培养条件下研究了厚壳桂等对萝卜、黄瓜和白菜化感作用的影响试验结果表明,随渗透势的升高,萝卜幼苗根长和苗高逐渐降低,黄瓜幼苗受抑更明显,而白菜影响极小,未达显著水平。对厚壳桂、锥木和藜蒴的生化他感作用研究中分别以蒸馏水和相同渗透势的甘露醇溶液为对照,其结果化感作用程度普遍降低,有些还发生赁变(化感作用在显著与不显著间转换),故化感生物测定分析中应注意渗透势的影响,以保证结果正确性。     

Soybean nodulation and nitrogen fixation on soil amended with plant residues

Residues from some tree species may contain allelopathic chemicals that have the potential to inhibit plant growth and symbiotic N₂-fixing microorganisms. Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr] was grown in pots to compare nodulation and N₂-fixation responses of the following soil amendments: control soil, leaf compost, red oak (Quercus rubra L.) leaves, sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh) leaves, sycamore (Platanus occidentalis L.) leaves, black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) leaves, rye (Secale cereale L.) straw, and corn (Zea mays L.) stover. Freshly fallen leaves were collected from urban shade trees. Soil was amended with 20 g kg^-1 air-dried, ground plant materials. Nodulating and nonnodulating isolines of Clark soybean were grown to the R2 stage to determine N₂-fixation by the difference method. Although nodulation was not adversely affected, soybean grown on leaf-amended soil exhibited temporary N deficiency until nodulation. Nodule number was increased by more than 40% for soybean grown on amended soil, but nodule dry matter per plant generally was not changed compared with control soil. Nonnodulating plants were severely N deficient and stunted as a consequence of N immobilization. Nodulating soybean plants grown on leaf or crop residue amended soil were more dependent on symbiotically fixed N and had lower dry matter yields than the controls. When leaves were composted, the problem of N immobilization was avoided and dry matter yield was not reduced. No indication of an allelopathic inhibition on nodulation or N₂-fixation from heavy application of oak, maple, sycamore, or walnut leaves to soil was observed.     

阿魏酸与肉桂酸对杉木化感作用的生物评价

通过绿豆、大豆、黄瓜、空心菜及玉米等种子发芽的生物评价,分析研究阿魏酸和肉桂酸对杉木化感作用结果表明,阿魏酸对5种蔬菜种子作用表现为高浓度抑制萌发和生长,随浓度的降低其抑制作用逐渐减弱。肉桂酸除对空心菜发芽表现为高浓度促进生长外,对其余种子作用表现为高浓度抑制萌发和生长,随浓度的降低其抑制作用逐渐减弱。     

水稻化感作用的研究进展

综述了水稻化感作用的研究进展,包括水稻与其他植物相互间的化感作用、水稻化感物质的分离鉴定及其特征特性、水稻化感育种、水稻化感作用与农业可持续发展等方面进展。     

花生连作障碍发生机理研究进展

连作导致花生产量和品质下降,严重影响了花生持续生产。本文结合20年花生长期定位试验研究,从土壤理化性质恶化、化感自毒作用和微生物区系失衡3个方面系统地综述了花生连作障碍的发生机理,认为花生根际微生态系统综合功能失调是造成花生连作障碍的主要原因,并分别就化感作用、根际分泌物与根际微生物的关系、根际微生物与连作障碍的关系和多因子综合考虑等角度对该领域未来的研究方向进行了展望。