The limonoids and their antitobacco mosaic virus (TMV) activities from Munronia unifoliolata Oliv

Five new limonoids, named munronoids K-O (1-5), together with three known limonoids were isolated from Munronia unifoliola Oliv. These limonoids were involved in the skeletons of evodulone, gedunin, and peieurianin types of limonoids, and their structures were established on the basis of spectroscopic data. Compound 5 featuring a γ-lactone ring instead of the β-substituted furan ring was found in the peieurianin type for the first time. The antitobacco mosaic virus (anti-TMV) activities of compounds 1-8 were also evaluated with half-leaf, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and Western blot methods, and limonoids 1, 5, and 8 showed stronger anti-TMV treatment activities than the positive control ningnanmycin. Six compounds (1-5 and 8) exhibited infection inhibition activities against TMV.     

Dissolved Organic Carbon in Association with Water Soluble Nutrients and Metals in Soils from Lake Okeechobee Watershed, South Florida

Water quality of Lake Okeechobee has been a major environmental concern for many years. Transport of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in runoff water from watershed is critical to the increased inputs of nutrients (N and P) and metals (Cu and Zn). In this study, 124 soil samples were collected with varying soil types, land uses, and soil depths in Lake Okeechobee watershed and analyzed for water-extractable C, N, P, and metals to examine the relationship between dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and water soluble nutrients (N and P) and metals in the soils. DOC in the soils was in 27.64?C400 mg kg^?1 (69.30 mg kg^?1 in average) and varied with soil types, land uses, and soil depth. The highest water-extractable DOC was found in soils collected in sugar cane and field crops (277 and 244 mg kg^?1 in average, respectively). Water soluble concentrations of N and P were in the range of 6.46?C129 and 0.02?C60.79 mg kg^?1, respectively. The ratios of water-extractable C/N and C/P in soils were in 0.68?C12.52 (3.23 in average) and 3.19?C2,329 (216 in average), and varied with land uses. The lowest water-extractable C/N was observed in the soils from dairy (1.66), resident (1.79), and coniferous forest (4.49), whereas the lowest water-extractable C/P was with the land uses of dairy (13.1) and citrus (33.7). Therefore, N and P in the soils under these land uses may have high availability and leaching potential. The concentrations of water soluble Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn were in the ranges of?<?method detection limit (MDL)?C0.33, <MDL?C0.53, 0.04?C2.42, <MDL?C0.71, and 0.09?C1.13 mg kg^?1, with corresponding mean values of 0.02, 0.01, 0.50, 0.07, and 0.37 mg kg^?1, respectively. The highest water soluble Co (0.10 mg kg^?1), Cr (0.26 mg kg^?1), Ni (0.31 mg kg^?1), and Zn (0.80 mg kg^?1) were observed in soils under the land use of sugar cane, whereas the highest Cu (1.50 mg kg^?1) was with field crop. The concentration of DOC was positively correlated with total organic carbon (TOC) (P <0.01), water soluble N (P <0.01), electrical conductivity (EC, P <0.01), and water soluble Co, Cr, Ni, and Zn (P <0.01), and Cu (P <0.05), whereas water soluble N was positively correlated with water soluble P, Cu, and Zn (P <0.01) in soils. These results indicate that the transport of DOC from land to water bodies may correlate with the loss of macro-nutrients (N, P), micro-nutrients (Cu, Zn, and Ni), and contaminants (Cr and Co) as well.     

贵州红枫湖溶解有机质不同分离组分的卤代活性研究

饮用水使用氯化消毒产生的消毒副产物给人类健康带来了极大危害。利用XAD树脂与阴、阳离子交换树脂对贵州红枫湖水体中溶解有机质进行了富集分离,分成腐植酸、富里酸、疏水中性物质及亲水酸性、碱性及中性物质6种组分,比较了各组分在加氯消毒过程中卤代活性的大小及其三卤甲烷的生成情况,揭示了有机组分卤代活性与其结构之间的关系,并探讨了它们可能的来源,提出了相应的控制措施。结果表明,红枫湖水体溶解有机质以富里酸组分为主,占分离出总有机碳的56%。氯化消毒实验发现消毒副产物以三氯甲烷和一溴二氯甲烷为主,富里酸的卤代活性最强。结构分析显示各有机组分的卤代活性与紫外吸光系数和酚羟基含量之间具有显著相关性。6种分离组分的消毒副产物生成量中,富里酸是生成三卤甲烷的主要前驱物质,占消毒副产物总量的76%。有机组分的碳稳定同位素值与C/N比值表明,富里酸主要来自陆源有机物,其余组分兼有陆源和内源两种来源。因此,控制陆源污染是减少红枫湖消毒副产物前驱物的有效途径。     

贵州粗毛淫羊藿资源的利用状况及存在的问题

粗毛淫羊藿植物是贵州的地区性淫羊藿药材品种,对其利用完全依赖野生资源,由于大量采挖野生淫羊藿,其资源已消耗殆尽。对粗毛淫羊藿植物资源的分布、生长特性和利用状况进行了总结与分析,指出了存在的问题,提出了综合运用中药资源生态学和植物种群构件理论的技术和手段进行粗毛淫羊藿植物的基础研究,为具有贵州区域性分布特色的药材物种的保护性开发利用提供借鉴。     

坚龙胆中龙胆苦苷含量的测定

为扩展坚龙胆中龙胆苦苷含量测定方法及坚龙胆药材资源的更好利用和临床应用,采用高效毛细管区带电泳法(简称HPCE)测定坚龙胆中龙胆苦苷含量,并对坚龙胆的不同部位、不同炮制品中龙胆苦苷含量进行测定。结果表明:HPCE法测定龙胆苦苷在0.06～0.48 mg/mL呈良好的线性关系(r=0.999 3),平均回收率为101.31%,RSD为1.99%,该方法准确性、重现性好;坚龙胆不同部位、不同炮制品中龙胆苦苷含量有较大差异,其根含量>叶含量>茎含量,生品>炮制品。     

乌头的药理与毒理作用及减毒的研究进展

为了降低川乌和附子药材的毒性和增强疗效,历代医家和科研人员在炮制配伍方面进行了大量的深入研究。为乌头的合理开发利用提供参考,对川乌和附子的药理、毒理作用以及减毒的最新研究进展进行了综述,提出了今后研究的方向。     

气候变暖背景下中国南方水稻生长季可利用率变化趋势

【目的】研究1951—2010年中国南方主要熟制水稻生长季可利用率的空间分布特征及演变趋势,为南方稻作区种植制度调整提供理论参考。【方法】基于前人种植制度区划方法将南方稻作区分为16个水稻种植亚区,假设不同稻作制的作物品种搭配不变,采用水稻生育期气象生态模拟方法,利用水稻潜在生长季长度与理论生长季长度的比值,评价气候变化背景下研究区域各亚区水稻生长季可利用率的分布特征及演变趋势。【结果】利用ArcGIS对1951—2010年水稻潜在生长季长度的地理分布函数进行运算,获取了南方稻作区80%保证率水稻潜在生长季长度的10 km×10 km的空间分布数据;数据结果表明,气候变化背景下南方稻作区水稻潜在生长季长度呈先增后减的变化趋势,单季稻种植区水稻潜在生长季长度增幅大于双季稻种植区;研究区不同熟制水稻的理论生长季呈缩短趋势,单季稻种植区缩短天数大于双季稻种植区;水稻潜在生长季的延长和水稻理论生长季的缩短造成了水稻生长季可利用率呈增加趋势。【结论】气候变暖背景下中国南方主要熟制水稻生长季可利用率呈增加趋势,合理安排熟制、提高复种指数是气候变化背景下提高水稻生长季利用率的主要措施。     

贵州省辣椒渍涝气象指数保险研究及应用

为促进贵州辣椒渍涝灾害气象指数保险业务的开展,降低农户受渍涝导致的经济损失风险,根据笔者制定出的渍涝等级标准处理贵州省84个国家气象站30年间降水量数据,得出各站点各级渍涝灾害频率,以及各站点的纯保险费率。利用克里金差值绘制出各级渍涝灾害频率分布图以及纯保险费率分布图,可以明显看出受渍涝灾害影响较大的辣椒种植地区主要集中于西南部以及南部部分区域;受渍涝灾害影响较小的辣椒种植地区主要在贵州西部、北部以及东部部分区域。纯保险费率较高的地区主要在贵州西南部以及东南部分地区,当免赔额不同时纯保险费率会有较大差距。辣椒渍涝气象指数保险在贵州有着较好的发展前景,不仅可以降低农户受渍涝灾害损失的风险,还能促进贵州辣椒产业持续稳定增长。     

pH与氟对莱茵衣藻和蛋白核小球藻胞外碳酸酐酶活性及光合效率的影响

本文研究了不同pH（5.0、7.0和9.0）和F-浓度（0.1、1、10、50、100、200mmol·L-1）对莱茵衣藻和蛋白核小球藻的胞外碳酸酐酶活性、PSⅡ实际光合效率ΦPSⅡ和叶绿素a合成量的共同影响。结果表明：在低于1mmol·L-1的F-作用下,两种微藻的生理和生长指标主要受pH影响;酸性条件下,两种微藻胞外碳酸酐酶活性显著低于中性和碱性条件时,ΦPSⅡ随pH升高而增大,叶绿素a合成量随pH升高而增加。在高于1mmol·L-1的F-作用下,两种微藻的生理及生长指标受F-和pH共同影响,且F-的作用大于pH的作用,胞外碳酸酐酶活性随着F-浓度升高先增加后降低,同时随着pH下降而降低;ΦPSⅡ和叶绿素a合成量则随着F-浓度升高和pH下降而迅速下降。胞外碳酸酐酶活性、ΦPSⅡ和叶绿素a合成量都能够作为指示微藻受氟胁迫的指标,以微藻为材料除去自然界氟超标水体中的超标F-,理论上是可行的。     

中国西南薄层砾石土喀斯特坡地土壤的137Cs分布特点

The fallout radionuclide cesium-137(137 Cs) has been widely employed as a tracer for assessment of soil loss from thick uniform soils;however,few studies have been conducted on thin stony soils on slopes underlain by carbonate rocks which are widely distributed in karst areas.Information derived from 137 Cs measurement of soil samples collected along a carbonate rock slope with thin stony soil where neither soil erosion nor deposition occurred was used to investigate the characteristics of 137 Cs redistribution in a karst area of Southwest China.The results indicated that the 137 Cs inventories of the surface soil on the slope studied were much lower than that of the local 137 Cs reference inventory and the 137 Cs activities were much higher than those on slopes with thick uniform soils.The spatial distribution of 137 Cs inventories was characterized by considerable variation.The high 137 Cs depletion in the stony soil of the slope studied was mainly because a considerable proportion of the fallout input of 137 Cs could be lost with runoff and the dissolution of carbonate particles in the soil promoted the loss of 137 Cs.These demonstrated that the rates of soil loss could not be estimated from the degree of depletion of the 137 Cs inventory relative to the local reference inventory for the thin stony soil of the rocky slope underlain by carbonate rocks in the study area in the way that has been widely used in areas with thick uniform soils.