Operationalizing sustainability: exploring options for environmentally friendly flower bulb production systems

Current production systems for flower bulbs in the Netherlands employ considerable quantities of pesticides and nutrients per unit area. In 1993, an association of growers and environmentalists set out to design new farming systems that meet environmental objectives in addition to economic objectives. To support the design process, an explorative study was carried out to bring together the fragmented agronomic information and to assess agro-technical options for sustainable flower bulb production with a time horizon of 10 to 15 years. Crop and inter-crop management systems representing the agro-technical components of sustainability at the farm level, were generated with a computer model by systematically varying four system characteristics, three of which represented strategic and tactical aspects of crop protection. Subjective components, one economic and two environmental objectives and various socio-economic constraints, were identified in interaction with the stakeholders. Interactive multiple goal linear programming was used to optimize the objectives at the farm level and determine the exchange value of the economic objective in terms of the environmental objectives. Calculations were carried out for two reference farm types. The results revealed that the negative impact of environment-oriented production systems on farm gross margin is importantly mitigated by strategic choices at the farm level, such as renting land and allowing a soil health improving crop, even though of low gross margin, into the rotation. In contrast, the a priori attention of the growers was focused on improving tactical pest and nutrient management at the crop level, the effect of which on farm gross margin is constrained by the strategic choices. Sensitivity analyses highlighted the need for more insight into the ecology of soil-borne growth reducing factors and their effect on crop yield. The paper describes the approach used, reports results and discusses the usefulness of the approach for the stakeholders and for disciplinary crop protection research.     

基于Coreldraw的内蒙古土地资源TM影像人机交互判读

本文在内蒙古土地资源ＴＭ 影像人机交互判读的实践基础上,对基于Ｃｏｒｅｌ－ｄｒａｗ 的土地资源专题信息提取方法进行了系统地分析和总结,认为该方法成本较低,数据可信度高,并且易与ＧＩＳ连接,可实现土地资源信息的快速提取和土地利用／土地覆盖变化的动态监测。     

波尔山羊肉品品质特性的研究

采用二因子多水平重复的试验方法,通过对波尔山羊肉品不同性别和不同部位的组织学性状和理化性状等品质特性进行系统的研究。结果表明:波尔山羊肉品的pH值、失水率、系水力、熟肉率在性别和部位间不存在显著差异,肉色和大理石纹在不同部位存在显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)的差异。肌纤维密度在性别上存在极显著(P<0.01)差异,并且肌纤维密度存在显著的性别×部位互作效应,水平组合间进行多重比较的结果表明:波尔山羊母羊背最长肌>波尔山羊母羊股二头肌>波尔山羊母羊臂三头肌>波尔山羊公羊背最长肌>波尔山羊公羊股二头肌>波尔山羊公羊臂三头肌。揭示了波尔山羊的肉品品质特性,综合评定波尔山羊肉质中等。     

农作物几何特征量测量系统设计与试验

为实现复杂背景下农作物几何特征量的实时测量,设计了交互式软件系统和便携式硬件结构。软件基于Matlab图像处理技术和多个作物几何特征量的计算模型,提出了动态交互式颜色特征提取方法和逐点颜色分量差值筛选法,实现了目标作物与背景的有效分离。研究了非旋转体作物体积与投影面积的关系,提出了测量这类作物的体积等特征量的新思路;建立了单位像素实际值与物距的对应关系,避免了需要在背景中设置参照从而计算单位像素代表作物几何特征量的实际值。软件渗透了人机交互和分类设计的思想,具有较好的交互性、通用性和扩展性。硬件采用高配的PC机核心部件、快速响应的工业触摸屏、自动定焦对焦工业相机和可控的相机支架、大容量锂电池。结构紧凑(29.8 cm×19.9 cm×6 cm)、操作简便、便于手持式和分体式测量。系统经过精度测量和实时测试,能完成多种作物的几何特征量测量,一般测量误差4%~8%,自动处理时间平均1.63 s(建好颜色特征库时),装置有较好的处理速度,有一定的实用价值。     

农田水利工程投资分摊对策的交互式多目标规划解法

农田水利工程投资分摊问题是一种典型的分配问题。该文应用合作对策理论,建立了农田水利工程投资分摊的多人对策模型,提出用交互式多目标规划解法寻找令各受益方满意的非劣解,并利用案例对交互求解过程进行了详细分析。     

基于知识元描述的模型参数化设计交互式创建系统研究

针对农机模型参数化设计过程中涉及参数传递困难、关联性差,对设计人员的专业素质要求高等问题,构建了一套模型参数化设计交互式创建系统。该系统运用知识元设计的理念,通过人机交互式的方法创建设计知识,实现模型的个性化设计与参数化建模。采用Visual Studio平台下的VB.NET为开发语言,结合SolidWorks的二次开发技术与MySQL数据库管理实现模型参数化设计的资源化封装,以弱化专业背景知识的限制。以谷物收获机械的切割装置为测试对象,分析零件之间的参数关系,明确参数设计规则,通过模型预处理标记设计参数,循环遍历模型数据集提取参数基本信息,建立人机交互操作界面,按照参数分类的要求完成设计参数定量、定性的知识信息表达。实例分析证明了该系统的可行性与有效性,并且易于理解和应用,可为农机装备的设计重用技术提供技术支持。     

新型职业农民培训“循环互动式”教学模式的研究

为探索新型农民培训的教学模式,提出了"循环互动式"教学模式,此模式作为改革传统教学模式的一个突破口,在以往的教学方法基础上,结合产业需求、职业标准和生产过程而形成的一种创新教学模式,即"学校与职业农民""教师与职业农民"及"学校与教师"三者的互动循环构成"循环互动式"的教学方法。     

Constructing forest plans interactively based on owner-driven evaluation of the holding- and stand-level alternatives

In this study, an interactive forest planning process corresponding to the practical demands was developed and further tested in a challenging forest planning situation in northeastern Finland. The process includes prior preparation of alternative stand-level treatments and a small amount of holding-level forest plans; an interactive planning session consisting of the primary choice of the forest owner's profile; the owner's selection of the best holding-level plan; and finally a local improvement of this plan. The method as a whole aims to bridge the gap between the prevailing planning culture that has developed for private forest planning over three decades in Finland and the planning approach suggested by multiobjective forest planning theory. The usability and characteristics of the process were evaluated through an exercise set given to both forestry students and forest professionals. Tests of the process indicated, among other things, that comparison particularly of stand-level alternatives and offering owners the possibility to make changes and truly affect the end-result of the planning process are seen as important characteristics of the process.     

遥感和GIS技术在广东省湿地信息提取中的应用

在分析广东粤西湛江、雷州半岛区城CBERS-02遥感影像数据特征的基础上,利用遥感与地理信息系统软件处理遥感影像的方法,对图像数据进行几何校正和融合处理,采用遥感图像多源信息复合、人机交互解译与GIS技术相结合的解译方法,实现湿地信息的提取,提取的总精度高达83.5%,比单纯的采用监督分类精度提高20%,获得了理想的结果,为广东湿地环境可持续发展提供决策支持。     

基于农户土地利用目标差异的农用地利用变化机制研究

研究农用地利用变化驱动机制是破解土地利用变化规律及其效应的关键.本文从农用地利用单元和农户土地利用单元特征分析入手,得出农户的土地利用目标需求和农用地的供给能力之间存在偏差是农户土地利用微观变化的根本诱因,基于此可以将农户分为粮食需求型、利润需求型、粮食和利润协调型三种类型.进而在探讨农户土地利用影响因素的基础上,提出农用地利用变化驱动机制框架,构建基于土地产权约束、农用地用途约束下的农户土地利用单元和农地利用单元相互影响的概念框架,并基于农户收益最大化原则对农户家庭的劳动力的分配进行经济学解释.