黑河中游土地利用/覆盖变化及主导因素驱动力

为探讨人文因素在黑河中游绿洲土地利用/覆盖变化过程中的驱动作用,以张掖市甘州区为例,首先分析了在人文因素作用下,研究区2002-2011年各土地利用类型面积变化的速度和幅度以及土地利用/覆盖程度综合指数;其次,在明确各类型土地利用变化趋势的基础上,建立人文因素指标体系,模拟人文因素与土地利用/覆盖变化之间的多元线性关系;最后通过灰色关联分析,提取影响不同用地类型的关键人文因素指标。分析结果表明:2002-2011年甘州区土地利用/覆盖整体结构中,建设用地加速扩张,农用地资源减少,土地利用结构非农化趋势明显;人文因素对甘州区主要用地类型的LUCC(land use/cover change)过程的驱动作用达到90%以上,且在不同类型用地变化过程中各人文因素贡献率不同;采用灰色关联分析法得出,文章评价指标体系中,农业人口数量下降,农业科技人员数量上升以及电机井总数量持续增加分别是2002-2011年甘州区城乡建设用地、交通水利建设用地、耕地变化的主导人文因素指标。     

耕层土壤颗粒表面的分形特征研究

通过对31个土壤样品的测定,研究了不同质地耕层土壤颗粒表面的分形维数(D),结果表明D介于2.7060~2.9968之间,并且同一质地类型的土壤分形维数D差异不大,但有随土壤质地由紧砂土、砂壤土、轻壤土、中壤土、重壤土到轻粘土,分形维数D呈递增趋势。统计分析结果表明:土壤颗粒表面的分形维数D与10个粒级颗粒含量之间存在极显著的线性回归关系;4个粒级对分形维数D的直接贡献由大到小依次为:粘粒>细粉>粗粉>中粉,无论哪一个粒级的颗粒含量增加,通过其它三个粒级的颗粒含量的间接效应都将使分形维数D增大;土壤有机质、土壤阳离子交换量分别与D有极显著正相关,可以用O M=-229.1113+86.5400D和CEC=-84.6456+32.1086D的直线回归方程来描述它们间的数量关系。     

Consumer value dimensions for sustainable wood products: results from the Finnish retail sector

Our study focuses on exploring on the dimensionality of sustainability in perceived consumer value regarding wooden products in the Finnish context. Factors affecting consumer value on sustainability were derived from the literature on sustainable consumption and tested on a specific case of wooden terrace products through a developed survey instrument. The dimensions of sustainability-based consumer value were identified using a factor analysis on data consisting of 208 responses collected in the home and building material retail sector in May–June 2013. Four-dimensional structure for consumer value concerning sustainable and responsible wooden products is identified to consist of “Information and product origin,” “Consumer activity,” “Product image,” and “Quality.” The first two, sustainability-related factors were more strongly valued by elderly as well as by female respondents, while “Quality” and “Image” were more preferred by young and middle-aged respondent groups. As for the conclusion, our results suggest that improving the sustainability information content, launching awareness campaigns and environmental education as well as applying greenness as a complementary product attribute would be some of the solutions to attract larger consumer groups.     

外转子永磁同步电机式轮毂电机的设计与分析

针对电动汽车开发设计出一款结构简单、维护方便、耐用可靠的轮毂电机。根据设计需求给出了外转子轮毂电机的总体设计方案,对其主要尺寸以及整体电磁结构进行分析计算。采用Ansoft软件对槽口宽度、永磁体厚度等影响因素进行分析研究,并对改进后的磁场进行了分析,以提高电机的输出性能。最后对样机进行了计算和试验测试,设计结果与实验结果相符,表明了设计分析的正确性。     

基于非均匀性和分形维数的黄土优先流特征定量分析

该文以陕西泾阳南塬边坡黄土为例开展示踪剂试验,通过改进的优先流入渗深度和入渗量非均匀性系数,研究黄土优先流的入渗量、入渗深度、含水率、孔隙率、分形等参数的相互关系及其内在规律。结果表明:1)入渗量越大,优先流入渗深度的非均匀性越明显;2)初始含水率越高,优先流发育程度越低,而湿润锋迹线的分形维数越小;3)黄土孔隙率越大,优先流入渗深度的非均匀性越明显,且入渗深度值波动范围也相对较大;4)同一类型的黄土,其试验尺度大小对湿润锋迹线的分形维数没有明显影响;5)在0.5倍黄土优先流最大入渗深度范围内,分形特征值越大,优先流非均匀程度越强,优先流越发育;6)在没有明显优先流渗流通道情况下,90 mm地表灌溉水量,其最大入渗深度不超过120 cm。考虑正常蒸发和没有裂缝的前提下,地表灌溉水并不容易直接导致地下水位上升。由此推断,优先流在地表水向地下水转换过程中发挥着重要作用。同时,优先流对黄土滑坡的影响不容忽视。研究可为深入揭示黄土优先流渗流特征与黄土优先流滑坡的内在联系提供依据。     

Towards an improved understanding of angler tourism in northern Australia

A human dimensions investigation into tourist anglers in a coastal recreational fishing hotspot in northern Australia is presented. Tourist anglers target one species, javelin grunter, Pomadasys kaakan (Cuvier), raising concerns about the sustainability of the fishery. Data from a survey of 427 tourist angling parties that fished in the coastal water off Karumba (Queensland) were analysed. Exploratory factor analysis was performed on angler target species and motivation for fishing to establish a typology of fishing intentions, with fishing for food found to be the principal factor. Anglers with high fishing for food factor scores were more consumptive, lower spending (per day) and more averse to any potential measures that might reduce legal possession (creel) limits or impose a cost of fishing. It was concluded that a combination of tourism and fisheries management interventions is required to safeguard Karumba's iconic javelin grunter fishery into the future. Diversification of tourist activity options can reduce the tourism industry's current reliance on high‐consumptive tourist anglers and increase the destination's appeal to non‐fishing tourists and low‐consumptive anglers. Modification of angler behaviour can be achieved through reduced possession limits for javelin grunter and possibly other target species, improved monitoring and law enforcement efforts, and targeted education and information.     

The effects of stem density of tropical swards and age of grazing cattle on their foraging behaviour

The effects of stem density of tropical swards and age of cattle on their foraging behaviour were evaluated using artificial microswards, consisting of leaves of 20 cm in height and high tensile‐resisting stems of 25 cm in height of Panicum maximum. The treatments consisted of a factorial combination of four stem densities of swards (0, 100, 200 and 400 stems m^?2) and two ages of cattle (1‐ and 3‐year‐old steers). There was a significant interaction between stem density of sward and age of cattle for bite area (BA), bite mass (BM) and instantaneous intake rate (IIR). Stem density had a significant negative effect on these variables describing ingestive behaviour which was particularly strong for older steers. In leaf‐only swards, mature cattle achieved a much greater BA (106·5 vs. 57·9 cm²), BM (0·88 vs. 0·47 g DM) and IIR (46·9 vs. 17·2 g DM min^?1) than did young cattle. However, these variables were very similar across ages of cattle at the highest stem density of sward. These results show the importance of the high tensile‐resisting stems as deterrents of the grazing process in tropical pastures, particularly in older cattle.     

The fractal characteristics of the pore and development ofbriquettes with different coal particle sizes

Coal is a non-uniform porous medium. The degree of porous development is closely related to absorption-desorption characteristics and flow characteristics of coal seam gas. In order to investigate pore structure of briquette, it is studied the characteristics of porous development of briquette with different coal particle sizes like 4.00~1.70 mm, 1.70~0.38 mm and 0.38~0.18 mm by using CF-2000P polarization analysis software and Fractalfox2.0 fractal analysis software. Testing result shows that with the decrease of coal particle size, briquette pore radius decreases, the total number of pores and fractal dimension increase. And the more the pore develops, the more uniform the pore distributes.     

How do commercial fishing licences relate to access?

Commercial fishing licences are central to fisheries management systems. They define and allocate harvest rights, place rules upon authorized harvesters and, in some cases, require holders to pay user fees. In this paper, we ask how licences and licensing relate to access, itself a broader concept defined as the opportunity to derive benefits from resources and that draws attention to how institutions and social structures enable and constrain different individuals and groups. Using published literature, reports and publicly available licence data for fisheries off of British Columbia, Canada, we overview licensing history and examine all major commercial licence types in the jurisdiction. Using a network approach, we also describe the diverse suite of licence portfolios held in 2017. Results show that there were 6,563 commercial fishing licences registered by 2,377 unique holders, including a handful that hold ‘access‐rich’ and a much larger number who hold ‘access‐constrained’ portfolios. The literature review and analysis support two broadly applicable conclusions. First, that licensing history shapes access and that limited entry policies continue to influence who benefits from fisheries resources well beyond implementation. Second, that analysing licence holdings suggests business strategies and fishing prospects available to different harvesters and other commercial fisheries participants in a jurisdiction. In response to demand for greater attention to human dimensions and to the perception that indicators are challenging to develop and integrate, we advance conceptual thinking and practical approaches relevant to fisheries research and evaluation.     

自适应加权算子结合主曲线提取玉米叶片点云骨架

为从玉米叶片点云数据(尤其是缺失点云数据)中准确提取骨架特征,该研究设计了一种考虑玉米叶片形状结构和数据完整性的自适应加权算子来计算玉米叶片点云的骨架约束点集,并引入主曲线对骨架约束点集进行拟合得到优化的玉米叶片点云骨架.首先使用K均值聚类将玉米叶片分为若干变化较为平缓的部分;然后通过改进的距离场方法提取点云的截面相关...