Microbial respiration activities related to sequentially separated, particulate and water-soluble organic matter fractions from arable and forest topsoils

This study aimed to reveal differences in the relevance of particulate as well as water-soluble organic matter (OM) fractions from topsoils to the easily biodegradable soil organic matter (SOM). We selected eight paired sites with quite different soil types and soil properties. For each of these sites, we took samples from adjacent arable and forest topsoils. Physically uncomplexed, macro-, and micro-aggregate-occluded organic particle, as well as water-soluble OM fractions were sequentially separated by a combination of electrostatic attraction, ultrasonic treatment, density separation, sieving, and water extraction. The easily biodegradable SOM of the topsoil samples was determined by measuring microbial respiration during a short-term incubation experiment (OC_R). The organic carbon (OC) contents separated by i) the physically uncomplexed water-soluble OM, ii) the macro-, and iii) the micro-aggregate-occluded organic particle as well as water-soluble OM fractions were significantly correlated with OC_R. The correlation coefficients vary between 0.54 and 0.65 suggesting differences in the relevance of these OM fractions to the easily biodegradable SOM. The strongest correlation to OC_R was detected for the OC content separated by the physically uncomplexed water-soluble OM indicating the most distinct relation to the easily biodegradable SOM. This was found to be independent from land use or soil properties.     

长白山鸡爪苓子实体的组织分离培养及其酯酶同工酶分析

以鸡爪苓子实体为分离材料，对子实体的不同部位进行组织分离，并对分离得到的纯培养菌株进行酯酶同工酶分析，结果表明，菌柄基部是最佳分离部位，菌株萌发成活率最高；分离材料与产地的不同使得分离菌株之间的EST同工酶谱带表达有明显的差异。     

Hyper-spectral estimation of wheat biomass after alleviating of soil effects on spectra by non-negative matrix factorization

Hyper-spectral technology has been proven to be an effective method for the fast and non-destructive monitoring of crop biomass. However, the biomass estimation accuracy of this method is limited due to the effects of background factors, such as soils and water. In this study, a spectral separation method, non-negative matrix factorization (NMF), was proposed to alleviate the effects of soil on spectra. With the application of the NMF method, pure vegetation spectra were extracted from the field-observed spectra of wheat canopy, which were collected in four growing seasons from the tillering to the booting stages of wheat. Then, prediction models of wheat biomass (WB) were established and validated using the extracted spectra with the partial least squares regression (PLSR) method. The results showed that the NMF method could effectively separate the vegetation spectra from the mixed canopy spectra. Based on the extracted vegetation spectra, the WB prediction accuracy could be greatly improved with an increase of 31.7% for the R²_p and an increase of 46.6% for the ratio of performance to deviation (RPD) as compared to the original spectra, indicating that the NMF method could significantly improve the performance of the WB prediction model. This method has potential application in the estimation of biomass using remote sensing technology.     

摆动分离筛薯土分离机理分析与参数优化试验

针对摆动分离筛薯土分离机理不明确,作业参数匹配不合理导致明薯率与马铃薯破皮率矛盾突出等问题,利用高速摄像机实时拍摄不同曲柄转速、筛面倾角和机器前进速度时摆动分离筛上薯土混合物的分布状态,统计并分析薯土混合物分布高度的变化规律,揭示薯土分离机理,并获得影响分离筛性能主要因素的取值范围。以明薯率和破皮率为评价指标,采用Box-Behnken响应面试验方法进行试验,建立各指标与因素间的回归数学模型,对影响摆动分离筛性能的结构与工作参数进行优化。结果表明,各因素对明薯率、破皮率影响由大到小为曲柄转速、筛面倾角、机器前进速度。摆动分离筛优化参数组合为:曲柄转速230 r/min,筛面倾角21.1°,机器前进速度2.03 km/h,优化后明薯率和破皮率分别为98.94%和0.21%,明薯率较优化前提高1.68个百分点,破皮率较优化前降低9.6个百分点,参数优化试验结果满足国家标准要求。     

灌木围障预防兔害对油松高影响研究

产生兔害的根本原因是竞争有限的空间和食物资源,灌木围障将野兔与林木隔离,不限制其在林内的活动,是一种环境友好型的林木兔害预防方法.为了掌握灌木围障对林木高的影响,研究了用沙棘、黄刺玫和其他灌木枝条围罩处理对油松高的作用.试验在当年油松定植时布设,设罩盖与不罩盖处理,5次重复,苗龄3 a,各处理300株.2006年5月定植时对处理区的油松进行测量、标记.处理后2007-2011年5月各调查1次油松高生长量.结果表明:灌木围障隔离对油松高有促长作用,且灌木篱笆促长作用优于灌木围墙.桥北灌木篱笆区定植5 a的油松综合增益指数为20.6％±1.35％,比灌木围墙处理提高了9.3％±1.90％,差异极显著(F=23.299,p=0.000).而旬邑林区两种处理间油松净高增益指数差异不显著(F=2.429,p=0.126),综合增益指数相差2.7％±1.03％.两地各处理油松净高增益大小依次为桥北篱笆＞桥北围墙＞旬邑篱笆＞旬邑围墙.随着定植年限的延长,两地油松净高增益指数有进一步扩大的趋势,油松高生长差距逐渐扩大.     

汉语自动分词中的神经网络技术研究

本文讨论了人工神经网络技术应用于汉语自动分词的映射模型和性能，着重分析网络结构和学习算法对歧义词切分的影响，在大量仿真实验的基础上，对其性能进行评价。     

乳状液膜在金属离子测定中的分离富集作用

简要介绍乳状液膜技术在金属离子分析测定中的分离富集作用以及新的研究和应用进展状况。     

电选法回收废印刷线路板中金属Cu的研究

采用破碎机和高压电选机对废印刷线路板中金属Cu进行回收.结果表明,破碎产物粒度<0.9mm时金属的单体解离度较高,可以作为分选的原料.物料在电选过程中的动力学分析表明,影响电选效果的主要因素为电极电压、滚筒转速、电晕电极距及物料粒度.经正交实验优化影响参数后,-0.9+0.074mm粒级的破碎产物一次电选所得精料中Cu的富集情况较好,Cu品位由32.0%富集到63.6%,回收率为78.7%.     

48小时母仔分离对自由哺育或控制哺育母兔性能的影响

本试验估测了48小时母仔分离（Doe-Litter Separation,DLS)对不同哺育方式（自由或控制）的母兔进行周期发情的效果。结果表明：控制哺育相对于自由哺育来说，可提高哺育母兔繁殖率（68．62％和46．00％，P＜0．01），降低1－9日龄期间仔兔死亡率（8．00％和10．74％，P＜0．05），同时也提高了母兔淘汰率（67．92％和56．41％，P＜0．05）和乳房炎的发病率（15．09％和11．11％，P＜0．05）。当母仔分离的方法使用在自由哺育方式中时，母兔的发病率和繁殖率均能得到极显著的改善（74．18％和53．72％，P＜0．01；69．23％和46．00％，P＜0．01）。然而，当母仔分离的方法使用在控制哺育方式中时，母兔的发情率和繁殖率的改善不及自由哺育中的应用效果（73．35％和58．47％，P＜0．05；77．77％和69．62％，P＞0．05）。48小时母仔分离时自由或控制两种哺育方式来说，均能显著降低哺乳期间仔兔的死亡率（18．69％和22．35％，P＜0．05；15．47％和19．52％，P＜0．05），尤其是9－42日龄期间仔兔的死亡率（8．15％和14．29％，P＜0．01；8．57％和11．98％，P＜0．01）。哺育方式和母仔分离对哺乳母兔窝产仔数、窝产活仔数、断奶个体重和断奶前日增重均无明显影响。     

上海地区畜禽场大、中型沼气工程沼渣液后处理技术调查研究

提高沼渣液分离率的工程工艺技术在减轻后处理的工作量上起重要作用;沼渣液的后处理工程技术与发酵原料有极密切关系。猪鸡食谷类,谷物的比重>1,在水中发生沉淀,可采取沉降分离、离心分离法;而牛主食草料,因草的比重<1比水轻,在水中产生悬浮与上浮现象,故对牛粪沼渣液的分离只能采取筛滤分离方法。其后,对分离的猪鸡牛粪沼液均可采取氧化沟塘;农田漫流由土壤、生物、藻类、水生植物逐级降解;在有条件的地方可采用种植蔬菜等旱作物,应用沼液地下渗灌施肥兼污水处理,经土壤吸附利用后可做到达标排放,有效地防治了水质污染。