北京地区降雨侵蚀力简易计算方法研究

降雨侵蚀力反映了降雨对土壤侵蚀影响的潜在能力。降雨侵蚀力经典算法所需的降雨过程资料较难获得,一般利用各种类型雨量资料建立降雨侵蚀力的简易算法,为模型的参数输入服务。利用北京10个水文站25年2 894次降雨过程资料。其中5个站点用于建立日、月、年降雨侵蚀力简易计算公式,另外五个站点用语模型检验。研究结果表明,不同类型雨量资料估算降雨侵蚀力的精度不同,用日或月雨量资料直接估算日或月降雨侵蚀力时,模型的误差较大。用日、月或年雨量估算年降雨侵蚀力时,模型的误差较小,约有一半的样本相对误差绝对值小于20%,三个模型相比,日雨量模型估算的平均相对误差最小。用日、月或年雨量估算多年平均年降雨侵蚀力时,模型的误差最小,所有样本的相对误差绝对值均小于20%,平均相对误差绝对值最小值只有0.8%,最大值也小于7%,三个模型相比,日雨量模型的估算精度最高。因此在具体应用过程中可以根据资料的占有情况来决定相应的降雨侵蚀力估算模型。本研究结果可以为北京地区土壤侵蚀量估算和水土资源评价提供参数服务。     

Soil loss and soil water content affected by land levelling in Penedès vineyards,NE Spain

This paper analyses the differences in soil moisture, runoff and sediment concentration resulting from land levelling works carried out before new vineyard establishment in a reference wine region of NE Spain. In low disturbed soils, low differences in soil moisture were observed, while in high disturbed soils, soil moisture and water infiltration of the surface were always lower than in the low disturbed ones, while soil sealing was higher in high disturbed than in the low disturbed soils. Differences in runoff and sediment concentrations were also observed. The most disturbed plot showed a higher sediment concentration in runoff, which together with higher runoff volumes gave higher erosion rates and soil losses than the low disturbed one. The differences within the most disturbed soils were high after high intensity rainfall events, while no significant variations were observed in the least disturbed ones.     

青海东部年降雨量变化与粮油作物病害发生的相关性研究

基于1999-2007年青海东部农业区病害发生情况,分析年降雨量的变化与小麦、油菜病害发生的相关性。结果显示,随年降雨量的不同,小麦和油菜病害的发生率也有差别。小麦病害发生率与年降雨量间的相关系数为0.350,满足方程y=-0.015 194x+6.538 82;油菜病害发生率与年降雨量间的相关系数为0.784,满足方程y=0.002 020x-0.569 56。表明小麦、油菜病害发生与年降雨量之间分别存在低度和中度正相关关系,即年降雨量越多,小麦病害和油菜病害发生越严重。     

Removal of Vegetative Clippings Reduces Dissolved Phosphorus Loss in Runoff

Rainfall simulation was used to study the vegetative filter strip (VFS) conditions under which losses of total dissolved phosphorus (TDP) and dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) leaching occur. Boxes containing silt loam soil were planted with ryegrass and cut at two different intervals prior to simulated rainfall 14 days apart. Grass clippings were either removed or retained. During the second simulated rainfall, runoff TDP and DRP were greater for treatments cut the day before irrigation with clippings retained as compared to treatments cut the same day as irrigation with clippings retained. Removing clippings yielded the lowest mean TDP and DRP concentrations. Increasing the senesced vegetative surface area for contact with water, and the amount of time for leaching to occur, resulted in the greatest DRP loss. The VFS management implications should consider clipping removal or no or reduced mowing during the growing season followed by end-of-season removal to reduce DRP leaching losses.     

台湾中部地区短延时降雨强度初步探讨

台湾地区在经历1999年的921地震后,山坡地土体松动严重,仅仅短延时的降雨即有机会引起土石流的发生,而近年微小的降雨条件下即有可能触动土石流发生,因此将台湾中部地区14个测站所测得的台风降雨资料,依照台风降雨强度进行水文频率分析,分析方法采用对数常态分布法、极端值第一类分布法、皮尔逊第三类分布法及对数皮尔逊第三类分布法等4种方法,计算短延时重现期距并绘成降雨强度-延时-频率之分析曲线,再整合各区域土石流潜势溪流的分布情况,分析台风降雨对台湾中部地区所造成之影响.     

坡度和降雨强度对坡耕地入渗的影响

利用人工模拟降雨对黑龙江西部半干旱区坡耕地不同坡度和不同降雨强度下的土壤水分入渗规律进行了试验研究,采用产流历时和稳定入渗速率二项指标进行分析,发现随着地面坡度的增大,产流历时提前,稳定入渗速率逐渐减小,坡面产流历时与坡度呈对数函数关系,土壤稳渗速率与坡度呈幂函数关系;随着降雨强度的增大,产流历时提前,稳定入渗速率逐渐增大;坡面产流历时与降雨强度呈指数函数关系,土壤稳定入渗速率与降雨强度也呈指数关系。     

覆盖对粘重土壤中苜蓿出苗的影响

紧实土壤降雨后常由于板结而严重影响作物出苗，导致建植不良乃至失败本实验采用遮阳膜覆盖、麦秸覆盖、不覆盖、土壤稳定剂４个表面处理和快速干燥、缓慢干燥２个干燥速度处理，研究芷蓉播后模拟降水条件一出苗情况，不同的覆盖及土壤处理条件下芷蓿出苗具有显著的处理效应，处理效应主要在出苗早期形成，遮阳膜覆盖比其他出苗显著要高；干燥速度地芷蓿出苗无影响。土壤剂和麦秸对苜蓿出苗的影响需要进一步的研究。     

滇中高原区主要森林类型枯枝落叶层对降雨的截留功能

枯枝落叶层是森林植被对降雨再分配的第２作用层，也是对土壤发育具有重要影响的层次。在实测本区主要森林类型枯枝落叶量及其持水能力的基础上，采用１００ｍ２最大截留能力、１００ｇ枯枝落叶最大持水能力及最大持水率等指标对不同森林类型枯枝落叶量、组成及其发育情况进行了综合评价。     

Optimal utilisation of natural resources for agricultural sustainability in rainfed hill plateaus of Orissa

The climatic data for 17 years from 1988 to 2004 of the rainfed hill plateaus of Kandhamal district of Orissa (India) were analyzed to find out the monthly climatic index from the calculated values of effective rainfall and evapotranspiration. The 80% dependable monthly climatic index was correlated with crop coefficient and suitable cropping period and sequences for the study area were suggested based on it. The extent of investment, net return and soil loss from agriculture were estimated as per the present condition and for the suggested cropping patterns. A mathematical model was formulated for optimal allocation of area to different crop sequences with different objectives viz. minimization of soil loss, minimization of investment and maximization of net return from agriculture and was solved using linear goal programming technique. The model suggested to take up food crops in area of 1,30,777 ha and perennial grass cover in 3223 ha with a cropping intensity of 1.61 resulting in a net return of Rs 1064.775 millions sustaining soil loss to a tune of 9489.67 thousand tons per year. The model was found to be favourable in respect of higher net return of Rs 8862.34 and lesser soil loss of 23.41 tons/ha than the corresponding present values. But more investment of Rs 4489.01 per ha was required to fulfill the objectives.