坡面生物调控措施对土壤水分入渗的影响

为了研究不同生物调控措施的植被覆盖度、降雨强度和坡度以及各因素间交互作用对土壤水分入渗的影响，本文通过室外人工模拟降雨试验，对不同生物调控措施坡面的土壤水分入渗规律进行了探索。结果表明：1）有生物调控措施坡面的土壤稳定入渗率较裸坡偏大，且差异极显著，但生物调控措施坡面之间的差异并不明显。2）降雨强度、坡度与土壤稳定入渗率间不是线性单值函数，均存在使土壤稳定入渗率最大的临界雨强与临界坡度。稳定入渗率随植被覆盖度增加的速率是非恒定的，存在着增速变化的临界植被覆盖度。临界植被覆盖度前，稳定入渗率的增加速率很快，之后，迅速降低并趋于稳定。3）坡面径流调控度随雨强增大而减小；相同雨强下不同措施坡面径流调控度排序为：黑麦草＞春小麦＞苜蓿＞裸坡。4）采用SPSS软件通过逐步回归分析法提取了影响土壤稳定入渗率最显著的单因子交互作用项，建立了包含降雨强度、坡度和植被覆盖度在内的多因素非线性入渗模型，通过实测数据对其进行验证发现该模型精度较高。     

砾石覆盖对海涂围垦区粉砂土坡面土壤可蚀性影响试验研究

通过人工模拟降雨试验,选取2种坡度(15°,30°),2种降雨强度(92,119 mm/h)和6种砾石覆盖度(0,10%,20%,40%,60%,80%),探究砾石覆盖对海涂围垦区粉砂土坡面侵蚀及土壤可蚀性的影响.结果表明:随累积降雨量增加,土壤可蚀性参数先增大后减小,并趋于稳定.坡度对土壤可蚀性影响显著,坡度越陡,坡面土壤可蚀性越大.砾石覆盖度与土壤可蚀性参数并非呈单调关系.坡度较陡且低覆盖度时,砾石覆盖增加坡面侵蚀;而当高覆盖度时,砾石覆盖可降低坡面径流速率,增加入渗率,减小土壤侵蚀率.适当盖度砾石覆盖能够改变边坡表面粗糙程度,降低坡面土壤可蚀性.砾石覆盖坡面径流雷诺数与土壤可蚀性参数呈显著线性负相关关系.通过径流雷诺数与土壤可蚀性参数线性关系定量分析能够较好反映坡面高钠盐土颗粒输移水动力学过程,对于构建盐碱土边坡泥沙输移预测模型具有重要意义.     

人工模拟暴雨条件下紫色土坡耕地入渗过程研究

结合室内物理化学试验等研究手段,运用人工模拟降雨法,分别探讨了不同暴雨强度,地面坡度及聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)加入量对紫色土坡耕地降雨入渗率的影响.研究结果表明,随着降雨强度的增大,稳定入渗率有增大的趋势;在0°～10°范围内随着坡度的增大紫色土坡面入渗量随之增加;PAM的加入可以较大程度促进土壤水分的入渗,提高稳定入渗率...     

土壤质地对坡地土壤水分运动与转化特征的影响研究

通过室内模拟降雨试验,研究了杨凌塿土、安塞黄绵土和神木绵砂土的水分迁移特征。结果表明,随着土壤粘粒含量的增加,坡面产流开始时间提前,坡地平均径流系数、径流量和泥沙量呈增加趋势,入渗率和累计入渗水量呈减少趋势。3种土壤降雨入渗率均可用Kostiakov公式拟合,塿土、黄绵土和绵砂土坡地的平均入渗率分别为0.32、0.83和0.88 mm/min。湿润锋运移速度应该与土壤砂粒百分含量和土层含水量的增量呈正相关关系。为了提高雨水利用率,减少水土流失量,建议加强塿土坡地的保护性耕作措施。     

不同密度砒砂岩风化物坡面水蚀机理试验研究

为研究砒砂岩风化物坡面水蚀机理,以期对鄂尔多斯水土流失治理提供数据参考,采用降雨模拟系统进行不同雨强、不同密度下降雨侵蚀试验,用直剪仪测得密度为1.7 g/cm³砒砂岩风化物的黏聚力和内摩擦角,揭示了各密度坡面入渗产流及侵蚀特点的成因.结果表明:密度为1.7 g/cm³的坡面稳渗率随雨强的增大而增大;对于1.5 g/cm³的坡面侵蚀量对入渗速率的敏感率最高,1.6 g/cm³的坡面侵蚀量对累积入渗深度的敏感率最高,而1.7 g/cm³的坡面侵蚀量对产流量的敏感率最高;抗剪强度和侵蚀量的时程曲线呈负相关并有一定的对应性.从直剪试验和敏感度分析的角度均表明造成1.7 g/cm³坡面侵蚀的主因是水流冲刷.     

土壤膨胀性对降雨入渗产流影响试验

入渗产流是水循环的重要环节,膨胀性土会改变土壤水分运动参数,从而对降雨入渗产流过程产生影响。以具有膨胀性的黄绵土和娄土为研究对象,在室内模拟降雨条件下,研究了土壤膨胀性对4种厚度(分别为10、20、30、40cm)的土壤容重、累积入渗量、径流强度等土壤水分运动参数的影响,并采用Philip公式、Kostiakov公式和Horton公式对土壤水分运动特征曲线拟合。结果显示:各种厚度的膨胀性土壤受到膨胀力和重力双重作用均导致表层0~10 cm土壤平均干容重相对减小,10 cm以下深度土壤干容重随深度增加而相对增加。随着土壤厚度增大,黄棉土和娄土的土壤累积入渗量变小。径流强度随历时增加而增加,然后稳定,且因不同土层土壤颗粒稳定性不同影响波动幅度。Philip公式拟合效果不理想,Kostiakov公式只适用于土壤饱和段的拟合,而Horton公式考虑到膨胀土体积变化影响土壤饱和过程中土壤水入渗速率,适用于初始入渗至稳定入渗的过程。     

雨滴动能对红壤地表溶质迁移特性影响试验

以非吸附性溴离子和吸附性磷元素为示踪剂,通过改变针头式降雨器的雨滴降落高度获取不同雨滴动能,并推算其相应的雨滴能量流(Rain droplet energy flux,DE),研究雨滴动能对红壤坡面溶质迁移特征的影响。试验结果表明,初始产流时间、地表土壤含水率、土壤水分入渗深度等均随着DE增大而线性减小;径流总量(Total runoff,TR)与DE呈幂函数递增关系;产沙量(Sediment yield,SY)与DE可用对数函数描述。在不同雨滴动能条件下,径流溴离子浓度随产流时间呈幂函数衰减,土壤溴离子淋溶深度随着雨滴动能增大而减少;径流溶解态磷浓度随产流时间呈线性增大趋势,径流全磷(Total phosphorus,TP)流失总量与DE的关系可用指数函数描述,且径流全磷流失量与径流总量及产沙量高度相关;雨滴动能越大导致表层土壤磷素含量越低。     

降雨和地形因子对黑土坡面土壤侵蚀过程的影响

通过室内模拟降雨试验,研究降雨强度和地形因子(坡度和坡长)对黑土区坡面土壤侵蚀过程的影响。试验处理包括2个降雨强度(50、100mm/h),2个坡度(5°、10°),2个坡长(5、10m)。结果表明:不同试验处理条件下,当降雨强度由50mm/h增加到100mm/h,坡面径流量增加1.4~12.4倍;当坡长由5m增加到10m,坡面径流量增加0.1~3.1倍;坡度对坡面径流量的影响较复杂,受降雨强度和坡长的综合影响。降雨强度、坡度和坡长皆对坡面侵蚀量有重要影响。当降雨强度由50mm/h增加到100mm/h时,坡面侵蚀量增加4.2倍;当坡度由5°增加到10°时,侵蚀量增加0.4倍;当坡长由5m增加到10m时,侵蚀量增加0.5倍,表明降雨强度增加对黑土区坡面侵蚀量影响最大。而当降雨强度、坡度和坡长均增大时,坡面侵蚀量增加18.0倍,说明这3个因素交互作用对坡面侵蚀的影响远大于各因素的单独影响或2个因素交互作用的影响。坡面径流量与降雨强度的关系最密切,其次是降雨强度-坡长交互作用和降雨强度-坡度-坡长交互作用;坡面侵蚀量与降雨强度-坡度-坡长交互作用的相关关系最显著,其次是降雨强度和降雨强度-坡长交互作用。分别建立了坡面径流量和侵蚀量与降雨强度、坡度和坡长的经验关系式。     

不同截排水布置方式下坡耕地坡面产流产沙的模拟研究

为了改善坡面水系分段拦蓄径流泥沙的调控效益,采用室内人工模拟降雨试验,探讨l坡面集中汇流(T1)和"燕型"分流(T2)2种不同的控制排水措施下的坡面产沙产流过程。结果表明,与无措施坡面(CK)对比,2种不同排水布置方式均能显著延长径流急剧增加的历时,降低产流率增速,减少产流深46.61%~56.40%,使产流率与径流历时的对数拟合系数均达到0.85以上,且T2处理坡面产流率较T1处理变化更平稳,产流率和产流总量在各坡度均表现为T2处理T1处理CK;在5°、10°坡面,不同排水措施对径流挟沙调控效应表现为T1处理T2处理,在15°坡面则相反。而坡面径流含沙量与坡面累计产沙量变化并没有显著的对应关系;T1处理有利于削弱坡度对侵蚀量的影响,而T2处理对减少产流受坡度因子影响的效果更显著。     

地面坡度对滴灌水分入渗过程的影响

通过土箱模拟滴灌实验,研究了不同地面坡度下滴灌水分运移规律。结果表明,地面各方向湿润半径、滴头下湿润深度和最大湿润深度均与时间呈显著的幂函数关系;随着地面坡度的增大,地面顺坡方向湿润锋推进加快,逆坡方向及滴头处横坡方向湿润锋推进减缓,横坡方向最大湿润宽度也随着坡度的增大而减小;在纵剖面上随着地面坡度的增大,滴头下入渗深度逐渐减小,而最大入渗深度则逐渐增加,最大入渗深度的位置也距滴头越远;地表和纵剖面湿润范围的变化表明,与水平地面相比,整个湿润体随着地面坡度的增大明显向下坡方向偏移,且坡度越大,偏移距离越大,湿润体形状由对称的半椭球形向下坡大而上坡小的梨形变化。     

Infiltration parameters from surface irrigation advance and run-off data

A computer model was developed to employ runoff data in the calculation of the infiltration parameters of the modified Kostiakov equation. The model (IPARM) uses a simple volume balance approach to estimate the parameters from commonly collected field data. Several data sets have been used to verify the procedure. Infiltration parameters were calculated using both advance and runoff data combined and advance data alone. Simulations of each example using SIRMOD were compared to the measured data to identify the possible benefits of the procedure. The inclusion of runoff did not compromise the ability to reproduce the advance curve however the simulations are more capable of reproducing the measured runoff rates and volumes and therefore offer better estimations of the total volume applied to the soil (in one case a reduction in error of the total infiltration from 22% to 1%). This procedure will be of most benefit where the infiltration parameters are expected to represent soil hydraulic characteristics for times greater than the completion of the advance phase. Further analysis has shown that the infiltration parameters are more sensitive to runoff than the advance highlighting the requirement for accurate field measurement and a weighting factor between the advance and runoff errors.     

Runoff and soil loss from an oxisol in Southeastern Nigeria under various management practices

Water infiltration, runoff and soil loss were investigated in an oxisol in Southeastern Nigeria under six management practices. The infiltration rates ranged from 235 mm h^?2 to 947 mm h^?1. Annual runoff and soil loss of up to 204 mm and 55 t/ha, respectively, were recorded in the bare fallow plots, whereas in the mulched maize plots the values were as low as 12 mm and 0.9 t/ha, respectively. No runoff or soil loss was recorded under three vegetative covers tested. Surface crusting was noted to be the major cause of the runoff and soil loss.     

城市沥青道路路面产流规律分析研究

在降雨时进行的现场实测中,采用虹吸式自记雨量计记录次降雨的降雨开始时间及停止时间、次降雨各时段的降雨量并由此计算出累计降雨量,由试验者目测产流开始时间及停止时间,用体积法实测降雨过程中各时段产流量并结合降雨量观测数据推算出产流过程损失量,结合上述数据进行分析计算城市沥青道路路面降雨量与产流量的关系、产流时间与产流前平均雨强的关系,初步得出了沥青道路路面的产流规律.针对在降雨过程中降雨损失强度变化的这一特点采用了极值法来计算径流系数ψ,对影响道路产流的因素进行了初步分析总结.     

模拟降雨下PAM对砂黄土养分迁移影响实验研究

利用室内人工模拟降雨试验,研究了砂黄土施用不同量PAM在降雨条件下入渗-径流、土壤侵蚀和养分迁移特征。研究结果表明,砂黄土在不同PAM用量下均较对照表现出降低入渗增加径流,并能有效减少土壤侵蚀,其侵蚀量随PAM用量增加而减少。径流的增加造成硝态氮,水溶性磷和水溶性钾累积流失量增加,通过径流和泥沙流失的养分很少,硝态氮主要通过淋溶损失,磷和钾移动性弱,土壤固定性强,损失不大。PAM适宜用量在1~3 g/m2之间。     

Effects of field length and management practices on dissolved organic carbon export in furrow irrigation

Farming practices, including tillage, cover cropping and residue management can have profound effects on the efficiency of irrigation practices. The effects of three field management practices (FMPs) standard tillage and winter-fallow (ST), standard tillage and winter-cover crop (STCC), and no-till and winter-fallow (NT) and two field lengths (122 and 366 m) on runoff and export of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were investigated in a furrow-irrigated cropping system over two years. The residue cover was 40, 32 and 11% in 2007, and 58, 61 and 11% in 2008 for STCC, NT and ST, respectively. Furrow irrigation experiments were conducted prior to crop planting following the cover crop. The inflow was kept constant across all treatments, and infiltration and runoff were estimated using a volume balance model (VBM). The DOC concentration tended to increase with increasing field length, but did not differ among the FMPs. A threefold increase in field length increased infiltration by 40%, and decreased runoff by 60-90% and DOC export by 65-83%. In both years, infiltration was highest in STCC. In NT, infiltration was lowest in 2007, which was likely due to soil sealing, and intermediate among the three FMPs in 2008 perhaps due to the increase in residue cover in the second year. The DOC budget analysis showed that fields and FMPs acted as DOC sinks exporting less DOC than was applied in the irrigation water. The results suggest that longer furrows and STCC were greater DOC sinks compared to ST and shorter field practices. The VBM, as applied in this study to estimate infiltration and runoff, could be used to predict optimal field length to minimize runoff and promote DOC adsorption to soil within the constraints of water quality and availability and soil conditions.     

基于LH-OAT的SWMM模型参数敏感性分析

为了消除SWMM模型计算过程中的不确定性,明确参数对径流模拟的影响,进行了参数敏感性分析。通过LH-OAT敏感性分析方法,辨析出不同参数在昭通市应用时对径流模拟结果的影响程度,确定对其影响较大的若干敏感参数,为参数的率定提供参考。研究结果表明对径流系数影响最大的参数是入渗衰减系数,对洪峰流量影响最大的参数是不渗透性。提高了SWMM模型在金沙江流域应用的可靠性。     

Soil management and traffic effects on infiltration of irrigation water applied using sprinklers

Zero tillage and controlled traffic have been proposed as means for more productive and sustainable irrigated farming. Both practices affect soil infiltration characteristics and, therefore, should have effects on sprinkler irrigation performance. This study compared water infiltration and runoff in three sprinkler irrigation tests performed on an alluvial loam soil at different times during a maize (Zea mays L.)–cotton (Gossypium hirstium L.) rotation under two soil managements: permanent beds with crop residue retention (PB: planting beds maintained unaltered from year to year) and conventional beds with residues incorporated with tillage (CB: disc and chisel ploughing followed by rotavator pass and bed forming every year). Traffic was controlled and two types of furrows were distinguished in both tillage systems: with (+T) and without (−T) wheel traffic. The irrigation tests were performed on maize at full cover, on bare soil just before cotton sowing and on cotton with 50% ground cover. Infiltration and runoff were affected notably by both traffic and soil management. The soil under PB infiltrated more water than under CB, and −T furrows more than +T furrows. Considering the combined treatments, −T furrows in the CB system infiltrated more water than +T furrows in the PB system. A sprinkler irrigation model for simulating water application and soil infiltration and runoff was formulated. The model was used to analyse irrigation performance under infiltration characteristic of the CB and PB systems in trafficked and non-trafficked furrows. Five irrigation performance indicators were used to assess the various combinations of tillage and traffic: Wilkox–Swailes coefficient of uniformity; application efficiency; deep percolation ratio; tail water ratio; and adequacy. The model was used to develop operation diagrams and provided guidelines for making irrigation decisions in the new controlled traffic/permanent bed system and in a standard conventional system.     

径流计算方法及西南岩溶地区径流计算研究

由于地形、地貌、地质、土壤、植被和气候条件的不同,岩溶地区和非岩溶地区在降雨-径流计算方面存在一定的差异。在岩溶地区,径流不仅受降雨量、降雨强度和下渗能力的影响,还受下垫面及岩溶发育的影响。介绍了流域产流机理、非岩溶区径流的计算方法,重点分析了西南岩溶地区水文特性和岩溶地区径流的计算方法。