优化施肥下长江流域冬小麦产量及肥料增产效应

【目的】针对长江流域冬小麦不合理施肥带来的肥料利用率低的现状,探讨冬小麦产量分布特征及施用氮、磷和钾肥料的增产效应,为长江流域冬小麦肥料减施增效和优化养分管理措施提供依据。【方法】本文数据来源于国际植物营养研究所（IPNI）于2000—2018年在我国长江流域开展的田间试验,以及在中国知网（CNKI）数据库通过检索字段或字段组合（冬小麦、冬小麦+产量及冬小麦产量+肥料利用率等）得到的此期间关于长江流域冬小麦田间试验的论文,共1 732个田间试验。试验处理包括：优化施肥处理,农民习惯施肥,以及在优化施肥和农民习惯施肥基础上的不施氮肥、不施磷肥和不施钾肥处理,以探究长江流域各省（市）（四川、云南、贵州、重庆、湖北、安徽、江苏、浙江和上海）冬小麦在优化施肥下的可获得产量、产量反应、相对产量、农学效率和偏生产力特征。【结果】我国长江流域冬小麦优化施肥处理下的平均产量为6.6 t·hm^-2,其中安徽省平均产量水平最高,为7.3 t·hm^-2,重庆市最低,为3.6 t·hm^-2。施用氮、磷和钾肥的平均产量反应分别为2.3、0.9和0.6 t·hm^-2,但变异范围较大。氮、磷和钾肥平均相对产量分别为0.6、0.8和0.9,氮是小麦产量的主要限制因子。优化施肥处理的氮、磷和钾肥的平均农学效率分别为12.6、11.6和7.7 kg·kg^-1,平均偏生产力分别为34.0、78.9和73.4 kg·kg^-1。与农民习惯施肥措施相比,优化施肥处理平均增产0.5 t·hm^-2,增幅为8.8%;氮、磷、钾肥的农学效率分别提高了41.1%、121.1%和84.6%;偏生产力分别提高了42.4%、23.5%和25.4%。【结论】优化施肥有效提高了长江流域冬小麦的产量和养分利用率,但各省（市）间存在一定差异且省（市）内变异较大。四川、云南、湖北和江苏省的部分地区具有较低的产量反应,说明具有较高的土壤养分供应,应因地制宜地制定养分优化管理方案。分析长江流域优化养分管理措施下的小麦产量反应和肥料利用率等参数,可以确定氮为小麦产量的第一限制因子。     

不同海拔的大别山山核桃林地土壤性质和叶片营养元素分析

为了比较不同海拔大别山山核桃林地土壤性质和叶片营养元素的差异及相关性,为大别山山核桃林地科学施肥和养分管理提供参考,采用酸度计法、重铬酸钾容量法、半微量凯氏定氮法、碱解扩散法、盐酸氟化铵浸提-分光光度法和醋酸铵-火焰光度计法分别测定了不同海拔大别山山核桃林地0 ~ 30 cm土层pH、有机质、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾,采用原子吸收分光光度法测定了土壤和叶片的氮、磷、钾、钙、镁、锌含量,并进行显著性分析和相关性分析。结果表明：（1）不同海拔大别山山核桃林地土壤速效磷、全氮、全磷、全钾、钙、镁和锌含量存在显著性差异（P < 0.05）,大别山山核桃叶片钾、钙和镁含量存在显著性差异（P < 0.05）。（2）不同海拔大别山山核桃林地土壤pH随着海拔升高而降低,而有机质和氮含量随着海拔升高而升高;叶片钾含量随海拔升高而升高,钙和镁含量则是随着海拔升高而降低,其余营养元素受海拔影响较小。（3）大别山山核桃叶片营养元素之间、土壤营养元素之间、以及叶片与土壤之间存在一定相关性,其中土壤间相关性达到显著水平的有2对,叶片间相关性达到显著水平的有4对,土壤和叶片间相关性达到显著水平的有2对（P < 0.05）。大别山山核桃林地土壤平均pH值为5.18,偏酸性;有机质含量均值为5.07%;速效氮、速效磷含量较高,速效钾较匮乏;微量元素平均含量依次为Mg>Ca>Zn。建议增施生石灰进行土壤改良,减少氮肥施用,增施磷钾肥,尤其是钾肥,将化学肥料和有机肥料混合增施,保持土壤养分平衡。     

Nutrient addition and disturbance effects on the community composition and assembly in a desert steppe北大核心CSCD

The effects of short-term nutrient additions (NPKμ, 10 g·m- 2) and disturbances on the species diversity, functional traits, soil properties, and community assembly mechanisms of the herbaceous community in the Urat desert steppe were examined. A mixed linear model, principal component analysis, and null model methods were utilized and both disturbance and interaction treatments were found to significantly reduce species richness and β diversity. Short-term nutrient additions significantly reduced soil pH but increased soil electrical conductivity. Six functional traits of the dominant species (i.e. Stipa glareosa, Peganum harmala, Salsola collina, Corispermum mongolicum) and six community-weighted mean significant changes under the disturbance and nutrient addition treatments were identified. The disturbance and nutrient additions promoted the transformation of the dominant species in the community from conservative strategies to acquisitive strategies. The results of the two null models revealed that community assembly under the control tended to be a stochastic process, while the disturbance and interaction treatments tended to be deterministic processes, and that of the nutrient addition treatments tended to be weaker deterministic processes. Plant communities in the desert steppe responded and adapted to the nutrient additions and disturbances through changes in the dominant species and their crucial functional traits. © 2023 Chinese Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.     

Effect of Mediterranean saltbush (Atriplex halimus) ensilaging with two developed enzyme cocktails on feed intake,nutrient digestibility and ruminal fermentation in sheep

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of feeding Atriplex halimus (AH) silage treated with two developed enzyme cocktails to sheep on feed intake, nutrient digestibility and ruminal fermentation. The AH silage was treated without or with 2 L of ZAD1^® or ZAD2^®/1000 kg with 5% molasses and ensiled for 30 days. Barley grain (300 g/head/day) was fed as an energy supplement once daily at 10.00 hours and AH silage with or without enzyme treatment was offered ad libitum to animals twice daily at 09.00 and 16.00 hours. Sheep were fed on four experimental forage diets comprised of AH silage and barley (D1), AH silage treated with ZAD1^® and barley (D2), AH silage treated with ZAD2^® and barley (D3) and AH silage treated with a combination of ZAD1^® and ZAD2^® (1:1) and barley (D4). Ensiling AH with enzymes reduced its contents of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber. The dry matter intake of AH of D2, D3 and D4 decreased (P < 0.001) as compared to D1. However, enzyme‐treated diets had greater total digestible nutrients intake (P < 0.001) as compared to D1. The nutrients digestibility for D2, D3 and D4 were higher than those for D1 (P < 0.001), and were higher for D3 as compared to both D2 and D4. Sheep fed on D3 had highest (P < 0.001) ruminal total volatile fatty acids concentration, ammonia nitrogen concentration and microbial protein yield. It could be concluded that AH silage treated with ZAD1^® or ZAD2^® improved digestibility and rumen fermentation in sheep.     

断母乳日龄对犊牛营养物质消化和血清生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究不同断母乳日龄对犊牛营养物质消化和血清生化指标影响。试验选用新生红安格斯与西门塔尔杂交肉犊牛60头,根据日龄和体重随机分成5个处理,每个处理12头犊牛,公母各占1/2,试验组分别在28、42、56和70日龄进行断母乳(分别为28A、42B、56C、70D组),随后人工哺乳代乳品至90日龄;对照组( CK组)随母哺乳至150日龄。试验时间为出生至150日龄,期间测定体重(0、70、90、150日龄)和血清生化指标(70、90、150日龄)的变化。每个处理选取6头犊牛分别在断奶前(85~90日龄)和断奶后(145~150日龄)进行2期消化代谢试验。每期6 d,其中2 d预试期,4 d正试期。结果显示：1)试验全期体重各组间无显著差异(P>0.05)。2)断奶前各组犊牛营养物质消化率差异不显著(P>0.05),断奶后28A、42B组犊牛干物质消化率显著高于56C、70D组( P<0.05),有机物消化率显著高于70D组( P<0.05),其中42B组消化率略高。3)150日龄试验结束时,28A和42B组血清葡萄糖、总蛋白、甘油三酯、尿素氮、胆固醇、结合珠蛋白、白细胞介素-2、胰岛素样生长因子-1、免疫球蛋白M含量与CK组相比差异不显著( P>0.05),血清免疫球蛋白G、免疫球蛋白A含量分别显著低于、高于CK组( P<0.05),其中42B组略高。由此可见,红安格斯与西门塔尔杂交肉犊牛的断母乳时间以42日龄较为适宜。     

Analysis of Regular Nutritional Components and Amino Acid Contents of Mongolia Bullock Muscle Grazed in Kubuqi Desert

In order to evaluate the Mongolia muscle characteristics and nutritional value, six Mongolia bullocks aged 4 years grazed in Kubuqi desert were chosen to analyze the regular nutritional components and amino acid contents of Mongolia muscle.The results showed that the contents of water, crude protein (CP), crude fat (EE), crude ash (ash), calcium and phosphorus of Mongolia muscle (fresh) were 68.21%, 22.60%, 6.49%, 2.69%, 0.58% and 0.55%, respectively.A total amino acid (TAA) content of beef was 24.297 g/100 g, essential amino acid content was 10.265 g/100 g, the proportion of essential amino acid justified and exceeded the FAO/WHO standard.The ratio of essential amino acid and total amino acid contents (EAA/TAA) was 42.25%, the ratio of essential amino acid and the non-essential amino acid (EAA/NEAA) was 73.15%.In functional amino acid, the content of palatable taste amino acid and sweet flavor amino acid in total amino acid was 46.891%.In addition to valine, essential amino acid contents of Mongolia muscle were superior to ideal protein of FAO/WHO standard, the percentage of valine reached 83.972% in ideal protein.These results indicated that Mongolia muscle belonged to the comprehensive nutrition and high quality protein food on the evaluation of the regular nutrient content and the amino acid content of beef.     

Study on Feed Value of Cassava Residue for Growing-Fishing Pigs

To determine the apparent digestibility of cassava residue (CR) nutrient and the effects of CR on growth performance when replaced the different levels corn in diet,two experiments were designed.In the first experiment,8 Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire crossbred barrow pigs with the similar weight (22.46 kg±1.08 kg) were chosen for determining the apparent digestibility of CR.The pre-test period lasted for 10 days,and the trial period lasted for 5 days.In the second experiment,160 Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire crossbred pigs with the similar weight(21.09 kg±0.72 kg) were randomly divided into five groups with four replicates per group and eight pigs per replicate.The control group was fed with basal diet while the experimental groups were fed diets containing 5%,10%,15% and 20% levels of substitution of corn by CR,respectively.The pre-test period lasted for 5 days,and the trial period lasted for 30 days.The results showed that the content of CP and EE in CR were 2.73% and 0.68%,but CF and total energy were 15.34% and 13.55 MJ/kg.The content of Lys and Thr were 0.11% and 0.08%,respectively.Calcium and phosphorus apparent digestibility were low,just only 40.24% and 34.76%,respectively,while apparent total energy digestibility was 65.62%.The apparent digestibility of Arg,Glu,Tyr,Met,Leu and Val were higher than 80%.The average daily gain was reduced with increasing dose of CR,which the group of 15% and 20% addition were significantly lower than that of control group (P< 0.05).However,the average daily gain of 5% and 10% groups were no significant difference with the control group(P >0.05).The feed cost of 5% and 10% addition groups were decreased by 0.01 and 0.05 yuan.In conclusion,under this experimental condition,the appropriate addition of CR for growing-fishing pig (20 to 50 kg ) was 5% to 10% in the diet.     

基于灰色关联度法的不同年龄紫花苜蓿草地土壤肥力评价

土壤肥力能反映植物的生长潜力和表现,但又受到植物的影响。在多年生草地系统中,利用年限(牧草年龄)对土壤肥力的影响还没有准确的阐述。采用灰色关联度分析法,对6个年龄紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)草地土壤碳、氮、磷、钾等指标进行综合分析,以关联度进行排序对不同年龄草地土壤肥力进行评价。结果表明,在不同土层,紫花苜蓿草地土壤有机碳、全氮、铵态氮、硝态氮、全磷、速效磷和全钾含量随年龄而变化的趋势不一致。运用灰色关联度分析后发现,0-10和10-20 cm土壤肥力最好的年龄均为5龄草地,而20-30 cm土壤肥力最好的年龄为8龄,5龄草地次之。因此,从土壤肥力角度可确定黄土高原地区5龄紫花苜蓿草地利用最佳。     

不同磷水平和钙磷比饲粮添加植酸酶对妊娠母猪养分表观消化率的影响

本试验旨在研究不同磷水平和钙磷比饲粮添加植酸酶对妊娠母猪养分消化率的影响。试验选择遗传背景一致、2~3胎次(预产期前28 d)、体重为(221.91±7.41)kg、预产期相近的健康"长×大"二元杂交母猪36头,按照胎次、预产期均衡原则随机分为9个组,每个组4个重复。对照组饲喂基础饲粮(钙、磷水平分别为7.26、5.81 g/kg);组2为基础饲粮添加植酸酶;组3~5保持钙水平(7.26 g/kg)不变添加植酸酶,减少无机磷添加至对照组的75%、50%、25%[钙磷比为(1.35~1.63)∶1.00];组6~9保持钙磷比不变(1.25∶1.00)添加植酸酶,减少无机磷添加至对照组的75%、50%、25%、0。结果表明:1)正常磷水平下,添加植酸酶显著提高了干物质、粗灰分、有机物和磷的表观消化率(P0.05),极显著降低了粪中磷的排泄量(P0.01),有降低铜、锌排泄量的趋势(P0.10)。与对照相比,低磷水平添加植酸酶极显著提高了干物质、粗灰分、有机物、磷、钙、铁、铜、锌的表观消化率(P0.01),显著降低了粪中磷、钙、铁、铜、锌的排泄量(P0.05)。2)饲粮在保持钙水平不变或钙磷比不变的条件下添加植酸酶,随磷添加量的降低,干物质、粗灰分、有机物、磷、铁、铜、锌的表观消化率均呈线性或二次升高(P0.05),粪中磷、铁、铜、锌的排泄量呈线性或二次降低(P0.01),保持钙磷比不变,钙、粗蛋白质的表观消化率显著提高(P0.05)。3)以表观可消化磷为标准,饲粮保持钙水平不变和钙磷比不变添加植酸酶可分别替代0.91、1.27 g/kg的无机磷,减少24.70%、34.48%的粪磷排泄量。4)钙磷比不变(1.25∶1.00)组饲粮的养分表观消化率极显著高于钙水平不变[高钙磷比(1.35~1.63)∶1.00]组饲粮(P0.01),且粪矿物质的排泄量极显著减少(P0.01)。综上所述:1)在本研究条件下,在低无机磷、低钙磷比(1.25∶1.00)饲粮中,添加植酸酶提高养分消化率的效果更显著。2)以表观可消化磷为标准,母猪饲粮的钙磷比为1.25∶1.00时,添加植酸酶可减少1.27 g/kg的磷添加。