寒区旱区间歇性干旱对接种根瘤菌苜蓿草地土壤养分动态的影响

通过盆栽法模拟田间土壤的干湿交替变化过程和强度,研究了寒区旱区间歇性干旱条件对接种根瘤菌(Rhizobia)苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)草地土壤养分的影响。结果表明:1年龄苜蓿接种根瘤菌能显著提高土壤全N、有机质、速效N、速效K和速效P含量,而对土壤pH和全P含量影响不大,间歇性干旱处理能显著降低土壤全N、有机质、全P、速效N、速效P和速效K含量,且土壤养分下降量总体上为有机质>全P>全N>速效K>速效N>速效P;通过相关和回归分析,土壤全P和有机质含量的下降量与干湿交替间隔周期呈显著直线正相关(P<0.05),土壤速效K和速效P含量的下降量与干湿交替间隔周期呈显著直线负相关(P<0.05);当干湿交替间隔周期相同时,土壤全N、全P、速效N和有机质含量的下降量,50%田间持水量的处理大于80%田间持水量的处理,而土壤速效K和速效P含量的下降量,50%田间持水量的处理小于80%田间持水量的处理。     

半干旱黄土丘陵区不同整地方式下退化草地植物群落恢复特征

[目的]对比分析2种造林整地措施处理后的草地植物群落特征,为宁南半干旱黄土丘陵区植被恢复和建设提供理论依据。[方法]以固定样地与群落样方调查数据为基础,对比了"88542"水平沟、鱼鳞坑2种不同整地方式下群落动态特征。[结果](1)在一定的时间尺度上,生境的异质性对鱼鳞坑整地植物群落的结构影响较大,整地方式对植物群落结构特征的影响不明显。(2)生境条件的不同影响了群落的多样性。鱼鳞坑整地的植物群落由于生境的异质性较大,促成了较高的多样性。植物群落物种多样性由高到低的顺序为:鱼鳞坑整地"88542"水平沟整地天然封育草地。(3)植物群落多样性总体表现出随着年限的延伸,整个示范区的植物群落物种的多样性开始下降。[结论]不同人为干扰方式和不同生境对植物群落多样性有明显影响。     

Experimental determination of climate‐change effects on above‐ground and below‐ground organic matter in alpine grasslands by translocation of soil cores

We used the soil‐core translocation method to investigate the effect of increased temperature on above‐ and below‐ground phytomass and organic matter in cool alpine areas. The translocation of undisturbed soil cores from a high alpine site (2525 m a.s.l.) to an alpine site near the timberline (1895 m a.s.l.) achieved an effective artificial warming of 3.3 K. From a methodological point of view, the translocation of soil cores was performed successfully. Soil cores moved to a new site at the same altitude showed no change in above‐ and below‐ground vegetation, bulk density, and soil skeleton. At both sites, soils were Haplic Podzols with a similar chemistry and clay mineralogy. At the lower elevation site, however, podzolization processes seemed to be more pronounced. As a consequence, the translocation of the soil cores probably led to a disturbance of the actual steady state that had been established after about 10,000–13,000 years of soil formation. This might have affected the adaptability of the vegetation system. Therefore, it cannot be fully excluded that the experimental design influenced the results. Translocation of soil cores from a very cool to a warmer site led to a distinct decrease in above‐ground phytomass (about –45%) over the experimental period of two years. Below‐ground phytomass significantly decreased (up to –50%) in the topsoil (0–5 cm) after artificial warming. Possible mechanisms are that roots reduced photosynthesis and hence C flow below‐ground, a reduction of soil moisture that would have led to root death (not a very probable cause, however) or an abrupt change in the radiation duration and flux which affected root growth (also not very probable). Fast climate change exceeded the ability of the above‐ground and below‐ground phytomass to adapt quickly. Whether the decrease in phytomass was a short‐term or a long‐term response to climate warming remains uncertain. Based on a gradient study (climosequence at the same locality), we hypothesize that the decreased plant productivity might be a short‐term effect.     

陕西黄土高原地区退耕与粮食补助模式研究

在陕西黄土高原地区分区基础上 ,对各区未来 2 0年粮食供需状况进行预测 ,并根据未来粮食供需形势 ,选择了陕西黄土高原地区最优的退耕和粮食补助模式     

宁夏南部黄土丘陵区退化天然草地改良效果综合评价

采用多层次模糊综合评判法,综合分析了宁夏南部黄土丘陵区不同改良措施下的改良效果,结果表明：“88542”整地＋播种综合评判值最高,达到5.9188,改良效果最好,施肥和封育的综合评判值其次,带状翻耕＋播种的综合评判值最低,仅为2.7750,远低于对照。     

黄土丘陵区退耕地生物结皮影响下的土壤腐殖质分异特征

本文对黄土丘陵区退耕地生物结皮影响下的土壤腐殖质分异特征进行了研究。结果表明,①该区生物结皮影响下的土壤腐殖质组分HA、FA和HM含量均有明显的分层特征,土层间均表现出:结皮层0～2cm土层2～5cm土层;不同年限生物结皮土壤腐殖质含量总体表现出:16年8年32年12年,表明退耕地生物结皮影响下的土壤腐殖质含量随时间变化呈非线性变化趋势;HA/FA平均值变化范围为0.34～0.70,低于1,该区生物结皮影响下的土壤腐殖质胡敏酸含量不高,腐殖酸以富啡酸为主;②结皮层土壤腐殖酸E4/E6值随时间变化总体上呈"抛物线"型变化趋势;而0～2cm和2～5cm土层土壤腐殖酸E4/E6值呈缓慢增长的趋势;③腐殖质组分与土壤养分因子的全N、NO3--N、NH4+-N和有效Zn之间存在极显著的线性相关关系(p0.01);④土壤腐殖质组分含量的变化与全N、NO3--N、NH4+-N和有效Zn含量间存在满足二项式的函数回归关系(p0.01),表明生物结皮对土壤C素与N素和有效Zn的影响密切相关。     

Grassland nature reserves for breeding wading birds in England and the implications for the ESA agri-environment scheme

The two principal mechanisms available to conserve breeding wading birds on lowland wet grassland in England are nature reserves and agri-environment schemes, particularly the Environmentally Sensitive Area (ESA) scheme. ESAs offer payments to landowners in return for maintaining (‘low tiers’) or enhancing (‘high tiers’) the landscape, biodiversity and historic value of the land. Lowland wet grassland nature reserves managed by the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) have been successful at conserving breeding lapwings and redshank but habitat management usually only results in short-term increases in numbers of breeding snipe. Within ESAs, populations of breeding wading birds fare better on land managed under high tiers than on land managed under low tiers. Land managed under high tiers also supports more pairs of breeding wading birds per £ of ESA grant received than land managed under low tiers. Means of increasing the cost-effectiveness of the ESA scheme in conserving breeding wading birds are discussed in the light of these results.     

黄土沟壑丘陵区退耕对土壤侵蚀影响的模拟研究

随着在黄土沟壑丘陵区退耕政策的实施,退耕必将对该地区的水土流失特征产生重大影响。对退耕的水土保持效益进行模拟研究,可为退耕政策的合理实施提供理论依据。选定位于黄土沟壑丘陵区的安塞研究区,在RS和GIS支持下,采用USLE,模拟研究了不同退耕方案对土壤侵蚀的影响。在2001年土地利用的遥感解译图和GIS计算分析基础上设计了8种不同的退耕方案,模拟结果显示,各种退耕方案对土壤侵蚀的减少主要发生在强度及强度以上侵蚀区,退耕后研究区已没有发生剧烈侵蚀的区域,强度和极强度侵蚀明显减少;土壤侵蚀量的减少主要发生在≥25°退耕和≥15°退耕,≥25°退耕还草和还林分别使土壤侵蚀总量减少了19.9%和23.2%,≥15°退耕还草和还林分别使土壤侵蚀总量减少了36.6%和42.6%。≥8°退耕方案和全部退耕方案与≥15°退耕方案相比,水保效益并没有显著差别。     

Carbon cycling and sequestration opportunities in temperate grasslands

Abstract. Temperate grasslands account for c. 20% of the land area in Europe. Carbon accumulation in grassland ecosystems occurs mostly below ground and changes in soil organic carbon stocks may result from land use changes (e.g. conversion of arable land to grassland) and grassland management. Grasslands also contribute to the biosphere–atmosphere exchange of non-CO₂ radiatively active trace gases, with fluxes intimately linked to management practices. In this article, we discuss the current knowledge on carbon cycling and carbon sequestration opportunities in temperate grasslands. First, from a simple two-parameter exponential model fitted to literature data, we assess soil organic carbon fluxes resulting from land use change (e.g. between arable and grassland) and from grassland management. Second, we discuss carbon fluxes within the context of farming systems, including crop–grass rotations and farm manure applications. Third, using a grassland ecosystem model (PaSim), we provide estimates of the greenhouse gas balance, in CO₂ equivalents, of pastures for a range of stocking rates and of N fertilizer applications. Finally, we consider carbon sequestration opportunities for France resulting from the restoration of grasslands and from the de-intensification of intensive livestock breeding systems. We emphasize major uncertainties concerning the magnitude and non-linearity of soil carbon stock changes in agricultural grasslands as well as the emissions of N₂O from soil and of CH₄ from grazing livestock.