Application timing and efficacy of alternatives for the insecticidal control of Tipula paludosa Meigen (Diptera: Tipulidae), a new invasive pest of turf in the northeastern United States

BACKGROUND: Two invasive crane flies, Tipula paludosa Meigen and Tipula oleracea L. (Diptera: Tipulidae), were detected in New York State for the first time in 2004. Both are damaging pests of turfgrass and other horticultural systems in North America where establishment has already been documented. To develop management recommendations for the Northeast and define opportunities for preventive (autumn) and curative (spring) control, four insecticide trials targeting T. paludosa larvae were conducted over a 2 year period.RESULTS: The most efficacious (>/=70% control in both trials) products against early instars in autumn were bifenthrin, carbaryl, chlorantraniliprole, clothianidin and trichlorfon. Results varied for azadirachtin, Beauveria bassiana, cyfluthrin, dinotefuran, imidacloprid, imidacloprid + bifenthrin and indoxacarb. Clothianidin and dinotefuran were most efficacious against fourth instars in spring; results varied for imidacloprid, indoxacarb and trichlorfon.CONCLUSION: Several insecticides offer alternatives for preventive and curative control of T. paludosa, but, because there is little overlap with application windows for scarab larvae pests, management may entail an entirely new insecticide treatment window, implying new economic and environmental burdens to the turfgrass industry. Moreover, curtailing the impact and spread of these invasives may be severely hampered because the best performing alternatives (clothianidin, dinotefuran) are not registered in New York. Copyright (c) 2008 Society of Chemical Industry.     

Effects of formulation on the run-off of imidacloprid from turf

Imidacloprid is a pesticide often used to control insect pests on residential lawns and golf courses. To investigate its potential to be transported into non-target aquatic systems by rainfall events, imidacloprid was applied as 5.0 g kg-1 GR and 750 g kg-1 WP to 12 plots planted with bermuda grass set on a 5% slope. The dimethylamine salt of the herbicide 2,4-D was applied simultaneously to the plots in order to normalize the results to prior trials conducted with other pesticides. At a rate of 2.5 cm h-1, 5-cm rainfall events were simulated at 24 and 48 h after application and 2.5-cm events were simulated at 96 and 192 h. After each event water was collected from each plot and analyzed by HPLC for residual insecticide or herbicide. Approximately 1.4% of the insecticide formulated as WP and 1.9% of that formulated as GR was lost from the plots after four run-off events. Of the total mass lost, 64% and 30% respectively occurred in the first and second run-off events for the WP formulation versus 75% and 20% for the GR formulation. These values compare with a total mass export of 2.6% for 2,4-D, of which 95% and 4% of the loss occurred respectively in the first and second run-off events. The maximum concentration of imidacloprid detected in run-off water was 0.49 mg litre-1 and occurred during the first run-off event.     

高尔夫园林功能及园景布局的探讨

在高尔夫园林的概念下,讨论了高尔夫园林的功能,园景布局以及栽植方法。     

Chlorothalonil and chlorpyrifos degradation products in golf course leachate

Chlorothalonil and chlorpyrifos are commonly used to control disease and insect pests on golf course greens. While they are relatively immobile in the soil profile, their respective soil degradation products, 4-hydroxy-2,5,6-trichloroisophthalonitrile and 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-ol are more polar and may be present in golf course green leachate. To investigate this possibility, six stainless steel lysimeters were constructed into two practice greens at a country club in a northern Atlanta, Georgia suburb. Over a period of 1 year after rainfall events, lysimeter leachate samples were collected into glass bottles, filtered and directly analyzed by HPLC with UV detection. Chlorpyrifos was not detected in any sample and chlorothalonil was detected only in one sample, at a concentration of 0.12 mg liter-1. With a limit of quantitation of 0.05 mg liter-1, hydroxychlorothalonil and trichloropyridinol were detected in 87% and 63% of the samples at maximum and median concentrations of 2.21 and 0.55 mg liter-1 for hydroxychlorothalonil and 1.77 and 0.15 mg liter-1 for trichloropyridinol. Golf course green leachate often mixes with surface water, thus more data may be warranted to determine the persistence and ecological significance of chronic exposure to these compounds of organisms in the aquatic environment.     

内陆森林型高尔夫球场植物景观设计--以湖南龙湖高尔夫球场为例

以湖南龙湖高尔夫球场为例,研究了内陆森林型高尔夫球场植物景观设计的重点和景观表现方法,强调球场的功能需求与生态环境的协调,以自然的设计手法,创造出功能齐备、结构简洁、景观秀美、生态和谐的运动休闲空间.     

高尔夫教练员教学素质评价方法探讨

为对高尔夫教练员的教学素质进行科学有效的评价,本文采用层次分析法对现有的评价体系进行了优化、改良,构建了一套涵盖面广、评价主体突出、易于推广的评价体系。选取某校的高尔夫专业高年级学生38人对现有评价方法、所提改良评价方法以及学生评教结果进行了对比,结果表明:优化后的评价方法在一定程度上有利于减少非重点要素的干扰与主观随意性,提高了评价结果的客观性与合理性。此外,精简后的评价体系更易于推广和执行。     

茶粕有机药肥在高尔夫球场草坪上的应用研究

茶粕中含有茶皂素等多种杀虫有效成分和大量有机质和微量元素,与化学农药复配研制成有机药肥,应用于高尔夫球场防治草坪病虫害,具有显著的药效,而且能有效地促进坪草生长,增加地上生物量.同时,有利于减少高尔夫球场农药残留污染,促进生态平衡和环境保护,值得大力推广应用.     

高尔夫球场农药向大气中的挥发研究

高尔夫球场喷洒农药向大气中的挥发受农药性质、施药方式和环境条件的影响。用丙酮、二氯甲烷等有机溶剂作吸收液可较好地捕集空气中的氯氰菊酯、毒死蜱、百茵清等农药化合物。试验条件下,2,4-D丁酯、百菌清和氯氰菊酯在大气中的挥发损失率分别为6．31％、1.38％、7．20％,毒死蜱和灭多威的挥发损失率为0．78％和1．66％。相比之下,氯氰菊酯较易挥发,对空气的污染较大。选择性用药,采用颗粒剂撒施,可有效地减少农药挥发,有利于环境保护。     

基于生态经济视域下发展生态高尔夫的对策

目前中国高尔夫已从无序发展转到了生态制约阶段。本研究运用文献资料法、逻辑分析法,基于经济生态、伦理生态、环境生态的视角,阐述了发展生态高尔夫的必要性,分析了生态高尔夫的内涵,提出加快我国生态高尔夫发展的对策:加强高尔夫相关标准体系建设;球场建设遵循自然主义原则,并与地方经济协调发展;会所配套设施需实用、简约;草坪管理重视现代科学新技术和管理方法运用,加强环保管理;加大员工草坪养护管理技术培训力度;大力开展多元化高尔夫、转变消费观念、低碳消费;企业需增强社会责任感;实施行业自治。     

高尔夫草坪蘑菇圈真菌拮抗木霉菌株的筛选及其抑菌作用

草坪蘑菇圈是一种在高尔夫草坪上普遍发生的严重病害,经常造成草坪草的严重衰退甚至死亡。木霉(Trichoderma)菌对蘑菇圈真菌有良好的抑制作用。从贵阳乐湾国际高尔夫球场草坪出现的蘑菇子实体中分离出当地有代表性的真菌菌株1506,经形态学鉴定为环柄菇属菌株(Lepiota spp.)。并从曾发生过蘑菇圈病害,但第2年未发生蘑菇圈的草坪土壤中分离和筛选出典型拮抗木霉菌8株,其中加纳木霉GCPL175(Trichoderma ghanense)和木霉菌株GGFL12(Trichoderma.sp.)的抑菌能力最强,其发酵液的无菌滤液对1506抑菌率分别达到61.23%,73.13%,显著高出其他菌株95.75%,1178.50%(P0.05),但供试木霉菌株的几丁质酶活性与其对环柄菇属菌株1506的抑菌率无明显相关。