西藏林芝地区草坪建植实践

通过对西藏林芝地区草坪建植实践,表明该地区适合种植冷地型草坪草,而暖地型草坪草则不宜种植,同时林芝地区草坪建植实践,介绍当地草坪建植与管理技术。     

Green roof vegetation type affects germination and initial survival of colonizing woody species

Green roofs provide a number of valuable ecosystem services compared to conventional roofs, but may require yearly maintenance. Trees and other woody plants that persist on the roof may damage or overload shallow-substrate green roofs and their removal is a standard maintenance procedure. The germination potential of colonizing species may differ depending on the vegetation surrounding them. The aim of this study was to determine whether the germination of colonizing tree species (Picea glauca and Ulmus glabra) will vary depending on which plant species form the established vegetation seeds land in. To determine germination success, survival, and seed capture ability of the plant canopy, tree seeds were added either directly to the growing medium or atop the plant canopy, in replicated monocultures of 14 species native to Nova Scotia. When seeds were added directly to the soil, no significant difference was detected between the monocultures for germination success or survival for U. glabra or P. glauca. However, when the seeds were added atop the plant canopy, percent germination of U. glabra was significantly higher in Carex argyrantha green roof modules. Overall, sod forming graminoids showed higher germination of U. glabra. The number of seeds reaching the soil was typically lower in vegetation with a denser canopy. This study demonstrates that some vegetation repels colonizing tree species by reducing ground contact. Although these effects differed according to tree species, non-vegetated substrates enhanced seedling persistence. Additionally, the majority of tree seeds that germinated failed to survive a single growing-season on shallow-substrate green roofs.     

农杆菌介导冷调节基因（Cbcor15a）遗传转化甘蔗体系的建立

【目的】利用农杆菌介导法,将外源冷调节基因Cbcor15a导入甘蔗愈伤组织,建立快速、高效的甘蔗遗传转化体系,为培育具抗寒性甘蔗品种奠定基础。【方法】以新台糖22号（ROC22）为材料,通过对愈伤组织诱导、分化、生根等培养基进行优化,筛选出外源基因转化甘蔗的适合激素种类与用量、PPT用量、抗生素种类与用量;利用甘蔗转基因二元植物表达载体pCambia1300-Cbcor15a-bar,通过农杆菌介导法将目的基因Cbcor15a导入甘蔗愈伤组织。【结果】当农杆菌菌液OD600为0.4、侵染20 min时有利于愈伤组织分化;甘蔗愈伤组织诱导和分化培养阶段的最佳PPT为0.50mg/L。侵染后在共培养中添加500.00 mg/L抗生素Cef能有效抑制农杆菌,添加300.00 mg/L抗生素Cef能促进愈伤组织分化成苗,添加200.00 mg/L抗生素Cef能促进幼苗生根。MS培养基中添加低量NAA更有利于甘蔗愈伤组织的分化;在促进细胞分裂时KT的效果明显优于6-BA。MS培养基中添加5.00 mg/LNAA和70.00g/L蔗糖能有效促进分化苗生根。利用建立的遗传转化体系可获得286株转冷调节基因Cbcor15a的甘蔗转化植株;选取83株通过PPT抗性筛选后长势良好的转化植株进行阳性检测,其中有4株呈阳性。【结论】利用农杆菌介导的Cbcor15a基因转化甘蔗的遗传转化体系能成功将Cbcor15a基因整合到甘蔗基因组。     

Experiences with Rice Grown on Permanent Raised Beds: Effect of Crop Establishment Techniques on Water Use,Productivity, Profitability and Soil Physical Properties

In recent years, conventional rice production technologies have been leading to deterioration of soil health and declining farm profitability due to high inputs of water and labor. Conservation agriculture(CA) based resource-conserving technologies i.e. zero-tillage(ZT), raised-bed planting and direct-seeded rice(DSR) have shown promise as alternatives to conventional production technologies to overcome these problems. Present study was undertaken during 2009–2012 to establish an understanding of how permanent raised bed cropping system could be practiced to save water at the field application level to improve water productivity and also have the capability to enhance productivity, profitability and soil physical quality. The results showed that among different crop establishment techniques, conventional-tilled puddle transplanted rice(CT-TPR) required 14%-25% more water than other techniques. Compared with the CT-TPR system, zero till direct-seeded rice(ZT-DSR) consumed 6%–10% less water with almost equal system productivity and demonstrated higher water productivity. Wide raised beds saved about 15%–24% water and grain yield decrease of about 8%. Direct-seeded rice after ZT or reduced tillage or on unpuddled soil provided more net income than CT-TPR. The CTTPR system had higher bulk density and penetration resistance due to compaction caused by the repeated wet tillage in rice. The steady-state infiltration rate and soil aggregation( 0.25 mm) were higher under permanent beds and ZT and lower in the CT-TPR system. Under CT-TPR, soil aggregation was static across seasons, whereas it improved under no-till and permanent beds. Similarly, mean weight diameter of aggregates was higher under ZT and permanent beds and increased over time. The study reveals that to sustain the rice productivity, CA-based planting techniques can be more viable options. However, the long-term effects of these alternative technologies need to be studied under varying agro-ecologies in western Uttar Pradesh, India.     

Effects of white clover cultivar and companion grass on winter survival of seedlings in autumn-sown swards

The aim was to study the effects of white clover cultivar and combinations with perennial ryegrass cultivars on seedling establishment in autumn‐sown swards and on winter survival of seedlings. Large‐leaved white clover cv. Alice and small‐leaved white clover cv. Gwenda, and an erect and a prostrate perennial ryegrass cultivar were sown in autumn in pure stands and as four binary grass‐clover mixtures. Mixtures of white clover cv. Huia and Aberherald with perennial ryegrass were also sown. Companion grasses had no significant impact on the establishment of white clover. The number of seedlings of white clover cv. Alice in mixtures (335 m^?2) was higher than cv. Gwenda (183 m^?2) and pure swards had similar white clover population densities as mixed swards. White clover cv. Huia tended to have more seedlings than Aberherald (355 and 205 m^?2 respectively). No stolons were produced prior to a severe winter, because of the late sowing date. Winter survival of clover seedlings was 0·56 in mixtures and 0·69 in pure stands, irrespective of white clover or companion grass cultivar. Stolon development of white clover in autumn is often considered essential for overwintering survival and spring growth. In this study, there was considerable survival of the non‐stoloniferous tap‐rooted seedlings of all four clover cultivars despite a severe winter.     

马克思主义中国化与我国社会主义经济建设

马克思主义中国化是中国革命的胜利之本,也是社会主义革命和建设的必由之路。用中国化的马克思主义指导经济建设和改革开放是中国共产党人在社会主义初级阶段的不懈追求和着力点。     

西方近代大学的建立与发展:从单一走向多元

19世纪初到一战前西方社会在政治、经济、科学技术、文化、教育等领域发生的重大变革对近代高等教育产生深刻的影响,在时代的要求下近代大学从单一走向多元,表现在大学的职能、课程、学生身份和管理制度等方面。近代大学的建立和发展过程是与民族国家兴起相联系的过程;是世俗化的过程;是相互模仿借鉴和创新的过程。     

影响杂交早稻免耕抛栽立苗的几个因素

研究了四个不同因素对杂交早稻免耕抛栽立苗的影响。结果表明：适宜的浅水（1cm左右）抛栽、短秧龄（20d）抛栽和前期适当增施氮肥，有利于扎根立苗，早生快发，促进地上部生长。非直立苗的立苗速度与秧龄长短有很大关系，短秧龄有利于加快非直立苗的立苗速度和水稻生长。     

网络环境下图书馆文献信息资源共建共享的思考

从网络化赋予图书馆新的职能出发 ,分析了网络环境下图书馆文献信息资源建设的现状 ,阐明了图书馆实现文献信息资源共建共享的重要性 ,从六个方面阐述了图书馆实现文献信息资源共建共享的对策。     

Species enrichment in an agriculturally improved grassland and its effects on botanical composition, yield and forage quality

In a field experiment, the effects of different management treatments on the botanical development and productivity of a previously species‐poor, intensively managed, lowland permanent grass sward were investigated over a 4‐year period. Fertilizer inputs were stopped and nine main treatments, based on three pre‐sowing and three post‐sowing cutting regimes, were applied. Half of each treatment plot was oversown with a mixture of forb (wildflower) species and half left unsown. The aims were: (1) to investigate the effect of cutting regimes on the establishment of introduced forb species, (2) to assess the development and dry‐matter (DM) yield potential of these introduced species, and (3) to compare the DM yield and forage quality of swards with and without introduced species. Seedling establishment was recorded until the end of the second year. From the third year onwards, a common twice‐yearly cutting regime was imposed on all treatments, and the development of the introduced species was recorded. The DM yield of the nine oversown sub‐treatments was compared with the sub‐treatments not oversown. Frequent cutting after oversowing resulted in the greatest number of established plants and three times greater harvested DM yield of introduced species, compared with infrequent cutting. Plantago lanceolata and Trifolium pratense were the best performing introduced species. By years 3 and 4, there was proportionately 0·15 and 0·23, respectively, additional herbage DM yield harvested from the oversown treatments compared with unsown treatments, and up to 0·60 more in some treatments. The introduction of forbs increased the crude protein concentration, but decreased the digestibility of the forage.