Effect of Drechslera (Helminthosporium) sacchari Toxin upon the Permeability of Sugarcane Leaf and Callus Tissues

Sugarcane leaves and calli from highly susceptible and resistant varieties to eyespot disease were used to evaluate the Drechslera sacchari toxin effect at different concentrations and incubation times by measuring electrolyte leakage. This expression of disease resistance was observed not only in the leaf but also in the callus. Furthermore, the growth of resistant calli MS medium supplemented with DS toxin, was higher when compared to the susceptible ones. The possibility of obtaining resistant somaclones is confirmed.     

山杏,沙棘种子活力测定的电导法

该文研究了用电导法测定山杏，沙棘种子活力的方法，适用条件，采用灰色关联度分析方法分析了发芽率，电导率，发芽势，老化时间以及简化活力指数的关联关系，并以简化活力指数，电导率为母序列对各指标的关联度进行排序。通过回归分析建立了电导率与发芽率，发芽势，生活在力，简化活力指数以及简化活动指数与电导率，发牙率，发芽势，生活力的回归方程，从而找出了电导法测定山杏，沙棘种子活力方法。     

NCT对小麦衰老生理的影响

以新合成的NCT配制成不同浓度的水溶液，对灌浆初期的大田小麦进行叶面喷施，以喷清水作对照，并以与NCT相同浓度梯度的NAA水溶液作对比处理，测定了喷后不同时期小麦旗叶的相对电导率、叶绿素含量、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活力及丙二醛（MDA）含量。结果表明：NCT能延缓灌浆期SOD活力，使叶绿素含量降低，控制相对电导率和MDA含量的升高，并使小麦穗粒重和千粒重增加，其效果明显优于NAA。     

一种土壤电导率测量方法的数学建模与实验研究

针对一种土壤电导率的测量方法——“电流—电压四端法”，从理论上深入探讨了该方法的测量原理，建立了对应的数学模型。关于Wenner分布、Schlumberger分布和 Polar dipole分布3种测量组态计算公式的正确性也通过实验进行了检验。     

喀斯特小流域土壤饱和导水率垂直分布特征

土壤剖面饱和导水率(Saturated hydraulic conductivity,Ks)的垂直分布对土壤水文过程有极其重要的影响,但在地质背景特殊的喀斯特地区其研究还相对匮乏。通过测定典型喀斯特小流域内23个土壤剖面(0~10、10~20、20~30、30~50、50~70、70~100 cm)土壤Ks及土壤碎石含量(Rock fragment content,RC)、容重(Bulk density,BD)、毛管孔隙度(Capillary porosity,CP)、非毛管孔隙度(Non-capillary porosity,NCP)、土壤有机碳(Soil organic carbon,SOC)等土壤性质,并结合各样点的坡位(Slope position,SP)、坡度(Slope gradient,SG)、坡向(Slope aspect,SA)、裸岩率(Bare rock,BR)、土地利用类型(Land-use type,LU)等环境因素,应用偏相关分析和典范对应分析(CCA)的方法,研究了喀斯特小流域Ks的垂直分布特征及其主要影响因素。结果表明,Ks随土壤深度的增加而减小并可用对数函数模拟(R2=0.848)。20~100 cm各层Ks变幅较小且变异接近,因此在水文模型中可用20~30 cm土壤Ks代替深层。土壤性质中,RC与Ks的相关系数(0.484)最大。环境因素对Ks垂直分布的影响依次为SPSGSALUBR。由此可知,RC是影响Ks最重要的土壤性质,而SP则是影响Ks垂直分布最重要的环境因素。该结果有利于弄清喀斯特地区降雨入渗规律及其主要影响因素,为小流域植被恢复及水文模型的构建提供科学依据。     

土壤结构改良剂对土壤水动力学参数的影响

该文研究土壤结构改良剂对土壤水分动力学参数的影响。通过对试验数据进行初步分析后得出：加入土壤结构改良剂后，土壤饱和导水率有所提高；各处理的非饱和扩散率与对照相比，施加土壤结构改良剂的处理，在水平土柱试验中，远水端同一距离处土壤含水率要低于对照处理的含水率；土壤结构改良剂具有良好的吸水和保水性能，使得土壤的持水能力增强。在水势相同的情况下，与对照相比，施加土壤结构改良剂的土壤可保持更多的水分，并增加土壤中有效水含量。施加部位不同，土壤结构改良剂对土壤所持水分的含量也有较大差别，说明在实际应用中土壤结构改良剂的施用方法和施用深度也是影响土壤水分状况的一个较为重要的因素。     

Different responses in bulk density and saturated hydraulic conductivity to soil deformation by logging machinery on a Ferralsol under native forest

Ferralsols have high structural stability, although structural degradation has been observed to result from forest to tillage or pasture conversion. An experimental series of forest skidder passes in an east Amazonian natural forest was performed for testing the effects of mechanical stress during selective logging operations on a clay‐rich Ferralsol under both dry and wet soil conditions. Distinct ruts formed up to 25 cm depth only under wet conditions. After nine passes the initially very low surface bulk density of between 0.69 and 0.80 g cm^?3 increased to 1.05 g cm^?3 in the wet soil and 0.92 g cm^?3 in the dry soil. Saturated hydraulic conductivities, initially >250 mm h^?1, declined to a minimum of around 10 mm h^?1 in the wet soil after the first pass, and in the dry soil more gradually after nine passes. The contrasting response of bulk density and saturated hydraulic conductivity is explained by exposure of subsoil material at the base of the ruts where macrostructure rapidly deteriorated under wet conditions. We attribute the resultant moderately high hydraulic conductivities to the formation of stable microaggregates with fine sand to coarse silt textures. We conclude that the topsoil macrostructure of Ferralsols is subject to similar deterioration to that of Luvisols in temperate zones. The stable microstructure prevents marked compaction and decrease in hydraulic conductivity under wetter and more plastic soil conditions. However, typical tropical storms may regularly exceed the infiltration capacity of the deformed soils. In the deeper ruts water may concentrate and cause surface run‐off, even in gently sloping areas. To avoid soil erosion, logging operations in sloping areas should therefore be restricted to dry soil conditions when rut formation is minimal.     

电析土壤微粒悬浮液的维恩(Wien)效应及其影响因子

The electrical conductivity of suspensions and their supernatants from the electrodialyzed clay fractions of latosol, yellow-brown soil and black soil equilibrated with nitrate solutions were determined at different field strengths using a short high-voltage pulse apparatus to demonstrate the Wien effect in soil suspensions and to investigate factors affecting it. It was found that Wien effect was much stronger in suspensions with a clay content of 30 g kg-1 from the soils equilibrated with a 1 × 10-4 KNO3 solution than in their supernatants.The threshold field strength (TFS), at which the relative conductivity is equal to 1.05, i.e., the Wien effect begins to be obvious, of the yellow-brown soil suspensions (clay content of 30 g kg-1) equilibrated with different nitrate solutions of a concentration of 1 × 10-4/z mol L-1 , where z is the valence, varied with the type of nitrates, being lowest for NaNO3 (47 kV cm-1) and highest for Ca(NO3)2 (98 kV cm-1). At high field strengths (larger than 130 kV cm-1), the relative conductivities of yellow-brown soil suspensions containing different nitrates diminished in the order: NaNO3 ＞ KNO3 ＞ Mg(NO3)2 ＞ Zn(NO3)2 ＞ Ca(NO3)2. The rates and intensities of the Wien effect in the suspensions of the three soils equilibrated with 5 × 10-5 molL-1 Ca(NO3)2 solution were in the order of the yellow-brown soil ＞ the latosol ＞ the black soil. The results for the yellow-brown soil suspensions (clay concentration of 30 g kg-1) equilibrated with KNO3 solutions of various concentrations clearly demonstrated that the more dilute the solution, the lower the TFS, and the larger the relative conductivity of the suspensions at high field strengths. The results for yellow-brown soil suspensions with different clay concentrations indicated that as the clay concentration increased, the low field electrical conductivity, EC0, also increased, but the TFS decreased, and the Wien effect increased.     

用稀悬液Wien效应测量法来研究重金属离子与水稻土的相互作用

Interactions of three heavy metal ions, Cu²⁺, Cd²⁺, and Pb²⁺, and, for comparison, Na⁺ with electrodialytic clay fractions (less than 2 μm in diameter) of four paddy soils as well as a yellow-brown soil as a control soil were evaluated based on measurements of the Wien effect in dilute suspensions with a clay concentration of 10 g kg^?1 in four nitrate solutions of 2 × 10^?4/z mol L^?1, where z is the cation valence, and a nitric acid solution of 3 × 10^?5 mol L^?1. Field strengths ranging from 15 to 230 kV cm^?1 were applied for measuring the electrical conductivities (ECs) of the suspensions. The mean free binding energies between the various cations and all of the soils determined from exchange equilibrium increased in the order: Na⁺ < Cd²⁺ < Cu²⁺ < Pb²⁺. In general, the ECs of the suspensions in the sodium nitrate solution were smaller than those of the suspensions in the heavy metal solutions because of the lower electrophoretic mobility of sodium compared to the divalent cations. In terms of relative electrical conductivity-field strength relationships, relative electrical conductivity (REC) of suspensions containing various cations at field strengths larger than about 50 kV cm^?1 were in the descending order: Na⁺ > Cu²⁺ > Cd²⁺ > Pb²⁺ for all tested soils. A characteristic parameter of the REC-field strength curves, ΔREC₂₀₀, REC at a field strength of 200 kV cm^?1 minus that at the local minimum of the concave segment of the REC-field strength curves, characterized the strength of adsorption of the cations stripped off by the applied strong electrical field, and for all soils the values of ΔREC₂₀₀ were generally in the order: Na⁺ < Cu²⁺ ≤ Cd²⁺ ≤ Pb²⁺.