大米淘洗产污测定及面源污染总量估算

以大米淘洗水作为研究对象,分别对第1、2、3次大米淘洗水进行化学需氧量(COD)、五日生化需氧量(BOD5)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、氨氮(NH_4~+-N)等污染指标进行测定,比较了第1、2、3次大米淘洗水中各污染指标含量,并估算我国大米淘洗过程中的产污量。结果表明:第1、2、3次淘洗水中污染负荷均以COD、BOD5为主,TN污染居中,TP、NH_4~+-N污染负荷相对较少,随着淘洗次数增加,第2、3次淘洗水中COD、BOD5、TN、TP、NH_4~+-N污染量逐渐降低,但污染总量增加。经估算,淘洗1次,全国大米淘洗水中COD、BOD5、TN、TP、NH_4~+-N污染年排放量分别为113.52万、64.89万、8.19万、0.36万和0.24万t;淘洗2~3次,污染年排放量不同程度增加。     

青海湖农场退耕还林草后的土壤碳氮变化

对青海湖农场退耕还林草地以及耕地和天然草地的土壤有机碳（SOC）、全氮（TN）含量及储量、无机氮（N_inorg）含量、土壤pH等基础理化指标进行了测定分析。结果表明：退耕（还林草）地与耕地和天然草地土壤均偏碱性;退耕地及天然草地土壤容重及N_inorg含量均低于耕地;退耕地和天然草地0~5 cm土层C/N显著高于耕地;退耕地和耕地0~5,5~10,10~20 cm土层的SOC和TN含量低于天然草地;退耕还林草9年后各土层SOC和TN含量与耕地相比差异不显著,说明青海湖区持续耕作60多年后,要恢复土壤肥力仍需较长时间;对于0~30 cm土层的SOC及TN储量,退耕地和天然草地与耕地无显著差异,而退耕地与天然草地之间差异显著（P<0.05）;耕地、退耕地以及天然草地0~20 cm土壤SOC含量分别占0~30 cm土层SOC储量的68.7%,72.9%和78.6%;0~20 cm土层TN含量分别占0~30 cm土层TN储量的68.7%,72.7%和78.2%;与天然草地相比,按耕地开垦60年计算,0~30 cm耕层内,C的损失率为0.11 t C·a^-1·hm^-2,N的损失率为0.015 t N·a^-1·hm^-2;土壤C和N含量与容重共同决定C和N储量的大小,因此土壤容重是影响土壤质量的重要因素之一。     

The use of biochar in the production of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in a biofloc technology system - BFT

The present study investigated the effectiveness of biochar as a water quality control agent and an alternative carbon source in a tilapia-based biofloc technology (BFT) system. Water quality parameters were measured following standard procedures (APHA, 1998) and fish physiological indices were measured using designated ELISA kits. Data was analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA and one-way ANOVA. Two biochar treatments were employed i.e. B; only biochar, GB; biochar + glucose, while for the control (G) only glucose was added. Tilapia fingerlings were cultured for approximately 10 weeks with no water exchange. Significant reduction (p < 0.05) in dissolved oxygen (DO) level was observed in group G (5.99 ± 0.10 mg/L) compared to B (6.66 ± 0.12 mg/L) and GB (6.53 ± 0.56 mg/L). Notably, concentrations of total suspended solids (TSS) were signficantly lower in the biochar treatments (B and GB) compared to the control (G). Additionally, alkalinity was significantly higher in G (156.47 ± 5.17 mg/L) compared to B (137.92 ± 3.83 mg/L) and GB (146.44 ± 3.87 mg/L). Levels of NO₃- and total nitrogen (TN) were significantly higher in group B compared to G and GB. Also, significant difference was observed in PO₄^3- levels between B (30.81 ± 2.28 mg/L) and GB (22.70 ± 1.84 mg/L). The dynamics of the water quality parameters revealed that heterotrophic assimilation and nitrification were active in maintaining the water quality. Overall, the result showed no significant differences (p > 0.05) in all the fish growth parameters. Urea nitrogen measured in the fish was significantly lower in B (3.85 ± 0.32 mmol/L) compared to G (5.40 ± 0.39 mmol/L) and GB (5.53 ± 0.39 mmol/L). Generally, there were no notable detrimental effects of biochar application on fish growth and physiological performance.     

川滇高山栎氮磷含量快速测定研究

根据文献已报道的植物全磷全氮测定方法,改进了AA3型连续流动分析仪对川滇高山栎枝叶全磷全氮含量测定的方法。结果表明:制备的氮磷标曲线性良好,相关系数均为1.0000,高于仪器的线性要求;全氮全磷标准偏差范围在0.017~0.038 mg/L和0.002~0.004 mg/L之间,变异系数范围分别是0.276%~0.776%和0.552%~0.919%,均小于1%(n=10),氮磷检出限分别为:N:0.0097mg/L,P:0.0092 mg/L,均满足仪器要求;氮磷空白加标回收率范围分别是94.2%~100.5%和96.8%~100.5%;经国家一级标准物质(GSV-2)验证,氮磷含量的测定值与标准值吻合,方法的相对准确度在99.22%~99.68%和99.76%~105.32%之间。因此,利用改进的AA3型连续流动分析仪测氮磷的方法测量川滇高山栎植物样全氮全磷的含量,具有准确且快速高效的优点。     

Olive mill wastewater irrigation of maize: Impacts on soil and groundwater

The environmental impact of irrigating a maize field with weathered olive mill wastewater (OMW) for 5 years was assessed. The use of the weathered OMW added the following concentrations of nutrients to the field: 11.8 t/ha/yr carbon, 1033 kg/ha/yr total nitrogen, 23.8 kg/ha/yr phosphorous and 4161 kg/ha/yr potassium. The maize field received 6 times more nitrogen, 50 times more potassium and 2 times less phosphorous than the recommended fertilization rates. The presence of carbon increased microbial activity for organic nitrogen breakdown and the decomposition rate of organic nitrogen. No significant increase was observed of heavy metal accumulation in the soil. Electrical conductivity in the soil remained below the salinization threshold. No direct exposure values were exceeded. No impact on groundwater quality was observed. Irrigation of crops like maize with weathered OMW could be part of a viable decentralized solution for olive mill wastewater use in areas with low organic matter and high irrigation demand.     

不同施肥处理对玉米产量及土壤碳、氮的影响

以玉米品种郑单538 为研究对象,通过田间试验,对陕西杨凌塿土地区经不同形态氮肥处理后玉米产 量、土壤全氮、土壤可溶性有机碳含量的变化情况进行研究,以阐明不同形态氮肥处理对玉米产量以及土壤质量的 影响,为关中平原玉米种植的合理施肥提供全面的理论依据。结果表明院施氮处理可以显著增加玉米产量。玉米生育 期内施氮处理的土壤中全氮、碱解氮含量显著高于不施氮处理。玉米生育期内不同形态氮肥处理的土壤可溶性有机 碳与不施氮的对照处理相比,无显著差异。施氮处理对于土壤微生物含量的影响不大。     

慈溪市梅湖水库生活污染的调查和防治

通过对梅湖水库现场调查和取样分析,发现生活污染比较严重,氮磷排放量大.调查结果表明,生活污染主要是生活污水和畜禽养殖废水,污染废水通过排污管道至统一截污设施,但截污设施运行效果不理想.由生活污染产生的氮磷负荷量,TN为3 496.1 kg/a,TP为831.6 kg/a.并对梅湖水库生活污染的防治提出一些建议.     

同时估测土壤全氮、有机质和速效氮含量的光谱指数研究

通过系统分析我国中、东部地区5种不同类型土壤风干样本的有机质、全氮及速效氮含量与近红外(1 000～2 500 nm)光谱反射率之间的关系,进而构建了适合同时估测这3种养分含量的光谱参数及定量估算模型。结果表明,同时与3种养分指标相关较高的波段范围为1 879～1 890与2 050～2 100 nm,其中1 881和2 070 nm两个波段的反射率经多元散射校正及Savitzky-Golay平滑处理并构建而成的差值指数DI(CR1 881,CR2 070)与土壤有机质、全氮及速效氮含量具有良好的线性相关性。独立的观测资料检验显示,基于DI(CR1 881,CR2 070)的估测模型对全氮、有机质和速效氮的预测决定系数R2分别为0.83、0.79和0.72,均方根误差(RMSE)分别为0.20 g kg-1、4.71 g kg-1和23.96 mg kg-1,相对分析误差(RPD)分别为2.56、2.30和2.93。表明DI(CR1 881,CR2 070)是一种可同时估测土壤中3种养分含量的良好光谱指数。     

3种典型河岸林土壤氮磷的空间分布格局及其影响因素

通过等距离梯度密集采样,结合主成分分析和相关性分析,研究了3种河岸林土壤全氮和全磷的空间分布及其影响因素。结果表明,3种河岸林全氮储量表层显著高于中层和底层;全磷储量层次性不明显。3种河岸林中,云杉河岸林土壤的氮磷储量最大,青杨辽东栎混交林次之,落叶松辽东栎最小。影响全氮分布的主要因子为有机质和植被盖度;影响全磷分布的主要因素为土层厚度和土壤容重。     

5种水生植物对净化生活污水的效果研究

分别以凤眼莲、黄花水龙、空心莲子草、水鳖和浮萍5种水生植物对总氮超过40mg的生活污水进行了3个月的生态修复处理,结果表明水生植物对总氮具有较好的去除效果,平均水平达到60％以上,五种水生植物的除氮率最高的为凤眼莲(86％),空心莲子草最低(58％).不同水生植物对其他形态氮的去除率也具有各自的特点,凤眼莲对氨氮的去除率最高(88％),黄花水龙最低(14％);浮萍和凤眼莲对硝态氮的去除率相当,高达85％以上,空心莲子草对硝态氮吸收较低(23％).