鹅鸭疫里默氏杆菌RC株的分离鉴定及药敏试验

［目的］为防治鸭疫里默氏杆菌所致鹅群传染病提供理论依据。［方法］对染病鹅群进行流行病学调查,从病鹅中分离鉴定致病菌并通过药敏试验研究其防治方法。［结果］待检菌的纯培养物涂片经革兰氏染色为阴性小杆状,瑞氏染色后呈两端浓染的细小球杆菌。该菌在半固体培养基上沿穿刺线生长,因而被鉴定为鸭疫里默氏杆菌。动物回归试验表明：用病鹅分离菌接种雏鹅、雏鸭后,发病雏鹅和雏鸭的临床、解剖症状与自然病例一致,且能回收到鸭疫里默氏杆菌。该菌对庆大霉素、卡那霉素和壮观霉素敏感,对林可霉素、环丙沙星等中敏,对链霉素、青霉素、磺胺嘧啶和四环素不敏感。［结论］该致病菌为鸭疫里默氏杆菌,其所致鹅群疫病可用庆大霉素、卡那霉素和壮观霉素进行防治。     

Glycosylation and oxidative dimerization of resveratrol are respectively associated to sensitivity and resistance of grapevine cultivars to downy mildew

Levels of resistance to Plasmopara viticola, from susceptible to highly resistant, of different grapevine cultivars were observed in vineyards and confirmed by the symptoms developed after inoculations. On the abaxial surface of infected leaves, P. viticola developed abundant sporangiophores on susceptible cultivars (Chasselas, Gamay, Gamaret and Pinot Noir), whereas on less susceptible cultivars (Seyval Blanc and Johanniter) the parasite produced few sporangiophores and some necrotic spots at the site of infection. On resistant cultivars (Bronner, Solaris, IRAC 2091), P. viticola induced a hypersensitive response and only necrotic spots were visible and the disease ceased to develop. Stilbenes were analyzed 4, 7, 24, 48 h post-infection (hpi) on small leaf samples cut from the site of infection. Large differences were observed between the cultivars at 24 and 48 hpi. Susceptible grapevines produced resveratrol and its glycoside, piceide. In contrast, resistant plants produced high concentration of ε- and δ-viniferin. Resveratrol and piceide have little or no toxicity activity against P. viticola, whereas δ-viniferin is highly toxic and can be considered an important marker for resistance of grapevine to downy mildew. The importance of oxidative dimerization of resveratrol in comparison to the extent of its glycosylation in defense reaction of grapevines against P. viticola is discussed.     

Differential susceptibilities to pyrethroids in field populations of Chilo suppressalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

To assess the feasibility of pyrethroids for rice insect control, we examined susceptibilities of six field populations of rice stem borer Chilo suppressalis (Walker) to 10 pyrethroids using the topical application method in laboratory in 2004 and 2005. Our results showed that the seven pyrethroids with high fish-toxicity (i.e., β-cyfluthrin, λ-cyhalothrin, β-cypermethrin, deltamethrin, S-fenvalerate, α-cypermethrin, and fenpropathrin) were more effective against C. suppressalis than the three compounds with low fish-toxicity (i.e., cycloprothrin, etofenprox, and silafluofen). The results also showed that all 10 of the pyrethroids were much more effective than methamidophos and monosultap for C. suppressalis control. In addition, we found that susceptibilities of some field populations of C. suppressalis to some high fish-toxicity pyrethroids were significantly reduced, and our results indicated that a Ruian (RA) field population showed a year-to-year variation in susceptibility to most tested pyrethroids between 2004 and 2005. Our data indicated that the tolerance levels increased dramatically in RA population, especially to β-cyfluthrin and deltamethrin. This study provided the first assessment of resistance to pyrethroids in field populations of C. suppressalis. In addition, a close correlation between resistance ratios to the 10 compounds and differences of the structures of these compounds was established in the RA05 population, which was resistant to most of the pyrethroids tested while it was still very susceptible to fenvalerate with no cross resistance. Finally, the feasibility and precaution were discussed in selecting pyrethroids as alternatives to replace high toxicity organophosphates for C. suppressalis control and insecticide resistance management.     

Changes in water status in seedlings of six species in the Fagaceae after inoculation with Raffaelea quercivora Kubono et Shin-Ito

To clarify the differences in susceptibility of six species in the Fagaceae (Quercus crispula, Quercus serrata, Quercus acutissima, Quercus phillyraeoides, Quercus glauca, and Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii) to Raffaelea quercivora, we inoculated this fungus on seven potted 5-year-old seedlings of each species, observed symptom development, and measured xylem pressure potential (XPP) after inoculation. The first death was observed on the 11th day in Q. crispula and on the 56th day in Q. serrata. The number of dead seedlings of Q. crispula and Q. serrata were five and one, respectively, whereas no mortality was observed in the other four species. The XPP of inoculated seedlings in both Q. crispula and Q. serrata decreased after inoculation. In contrast, the XPP of inoculated seedlings of the other four species remained almost the same as in the control seedlings. These results indicate that R. quercivora is pathogenic to Q. crispula and Q. serrata and that the susceptibility of the six Fagaceae species in our study differed among species.     

美洲斑潜蝇寄生蜂对设施蔬菜常用农药的敏感性评价

为筛选对大棚菜豆美洲斑潜蝇寄生蜂毒性小的农药,在丽潜蝇姬小峰、潜蛾姬小峰等寄生蜂大龄幼虫至蛹期,用18种常用农药的常规剂量进行分区处理,试验结果表明:毒死蜱和联苯菊酯毒性最大,寄生蜂校正死亡率大于90%;阿维菌素中度有害,校正死亡率为55.29%;高氯、啶虫脒、哒螨灵、腈菌唑、嘧霉胺、霜脲锰锌处理的校正死亡率25%～45%;灭蝇胺、阿克泰、吡虫啉、氟硅唑、苯醚甲环唑、多菌灵、速克灵、安克、代森锰锌处理的校正死亡率则小于25%.此外,为验证药剂残留对寄生蜂的影响,调查了药后7d羽化的成蜂48h存活率,灭蝇胺处理的成蜂存活率接近90%,高氯、啶虫脒、哒螨灵、吡虫啉均在80%以上,阿维菌素为41.67%,阿克泰仅为8.33%;各杀菌剂处理药后5～7d羽化的寄生蜂48h存活率与清水对照无明显差异.     

不同黄瓜品种对缺铁的敏感性研究

无土裁培条件下,研究了11个黄瓜品种对缺铁的敏感性差异,结果表明:不同黄瓜品种对缺铁的敏感性问(即铁营养效率间)存在明显差异。缺铁下,对缺铁相对不敏感的品种比相对敏感的品种的培养液pH下降早且下降幅度大;根系Fe(Ⅲ)还原力增加早且增加幅度大;植株生长量(地上部的)和植株含铁量(津春4号的)下降幅度小,表现出较高的抗缺铁能力。上述结果为无土裁培中进一步选育和利用黄瓜铁高效品种提供了一定的理论基础。     

猪源大肠杆菌的分离、鉴定及耐药性监测

为了调查京津冀地区猪致病性大肠杆菌的耐药性及流行血清型,从河北、北京、天津地区发生仔猪黄、白痢的十个猪场分离60株大肠杆菌,其中致病性大肠杆菌55株,进行了生化和血清型鉴定,并对其耐药性进行了监测与分析。结果发现：分离的猪致病性大肠杆菌优势血清型为O101、O152、O93、O78、O54,这5种血清型占总分离致病菌株的56.4%（31/55）。所分离的60株大肠杆菌药敏试验结果中抑菌作用最强的是菌必治、多粘菌素、先锋必、先锋霉素和壮观霉素,敏感率分别为95.0% (57/60)、90.0%(56/60)、88.3% (53/60)、86.7%(52/60)和85%(51/60)。耐药率较高的分别为链霉素（80%）、庆大霉素（53.3%）、氨苄青霉素（75%）复方新诺明（86.7%）、痢菌净（76.7%）、呋喃唑酮（71.2%）、诺氟沙星、环丙沙星（51.7%）、喹乙醇（75%）和洛美杀星（70%）氟苯尼考（55%）。60株大肠杆菌多数为6耐以上的菌株（80%）,其中8耐、10耐、6耐最高分别为17%、15%、12%。     

斑点叉尾鮰病毒对几种淡水鱼类细胞系感染性的初步研究

To study the susceptibility of multiple fresh water fish cell lines to channel catfish virus （CCV） and to evaluate and assess potentially pernicious impact of CCV on several rare and important economic fish species in China. Five cell lines established from several fish species including grass carp fins （GCF）, epithelioma papulosum cyprini （ EPC）, white sturgeon spleen （ WSS - 2 ）, chinook salmon embryo （ CHSE - 214 ） and parental control channel catfish ovary （CCO） were tested and compared for their sensitivity to CCV infection. After virns infection, test cells were characterized by cell morphology, cytopathic effect （CPE） appearance time, and infectious virus titer. Our results indicated that all these cell lines were sensitive to CCV, but at varied levels. Comparative viral challenge assays revealed that, among these five fish cell lines, GCF exhibited to be the most sensitive one to CCV infection, and infectious viral particles produced in this cell line is significantly more than that generated from parental CCO cells. EPC cells were also highly susceptible to CCV infection with a similar level of viral production as compared to CCO. Experimental data showed that all the test five cell lines were susceptible to CCV and present study suggests that CCV can be a potential pathogen to infect gYass carp, Cyprinus carpio and other fresh water fishes.     

Navelina ISA 315: A cultivar resistant to citrus variegated chlorosis

Citrus variegated chlorosis (CVC), caused by Xylella fastidiosa, is a bacterial disease of great importance to the Brazilian citrus industry. CVC is transmitted by grafting and by leafhoppers of the Cicadellidae and Cercopidae families. There is little information about CVC tolerant sweet orange cultivars (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck). However, previous studies have indicated some resistance to CVC in the ‘Navelina ISA 315’ cultivar. Based on such information, this study has been carried out to determine the resistance of ‘Navelina ISA 315’ to CVC observing disease symptoms in the field and in the greenhouse, associated with the presence and quantitation of X. fastidiosa in plant tissue by PCR and quantitative real time PCR (qPCR). In agreement with previous information, the results show that ‘Navelina ISA 315’ is resistant to CVC, on the grounds that almost no symptoms and low bacterial concentrations were found.