1961～2006年石河子垦区降水序列变化规律及干旱预测

以1961～2006年石河子垦区的年降水量为基础数据,分析得出该地区降水的时间序列变化特征及规律：研究区年降水总体呈上升趋势,其中,20世纪90年代以前增加缓慢,90年代以后增加显著。以1961～1996年的年降水量数据为建模数据,1997～2006年的数据为检验数据,运用灰色系统的灾变预测方法,建立各分区的灾变预测模型GM（1,1）,重点对石河子市和下野地未来发生干旱的年份进行了预测,得出石河子、下野地未来可能发生干旱的年份分别为2012、2010年。     

典型干湿区植被与气候因子的相互响应关系研究

根据中国干湿区分布图,选取典型的干旱地区（额济纳地区）、半干旱/半湿润（关中盆地/黄土高原）和湿润地区（鄱阳湖地区）为研究区域。基于1982～2000年的NDVI数据和1981～2000年3个研究区气象观测资料,探讨了不同干湿分布区植被NDVI与气候因子（温度、降水）之间相互响应关系。结果表明,植被对气候因子的响应关系中,干旱地区（额济纳地区）植被对降水的变化较为敏感;半湿润/半干旱地区（关中盆地/黄土高原地区）植被对温度和降水的变化均较为敏感;而湿润地区（鄱阳湖地区）植被对温度的变化敏感;植被对气候因子的影响中,干旱地区（额济纳地区）前一年冬季植被NDVI与当年夏季温度、降水的分别呈显著的负、正相关;而半干旱/半湿润地区（关中盆地/黄土高原地区）当年植被NDVI与当年温度呈显著正相关。     

春季土壤墒情变化与气象条件相关性分析

从农业气象情报服务需求出发,根据近3年土壤墒情实时变化资料和定期测墒数据,分析研究与土壤墒情变化高相关的气象因子。结果表明,通过现有观测资料,可以定量评估局地土壤墒情变化,为预测春旱趋势和程度提供可靠的依据。     

Effect of prevailing monsoons on the distribution of beeches in continental East Asia

Beech trees occur in significantly lower latitudes in continental East Asia than in Europe and North America. They are common deciduous trees in the deciduous forests of the temperate zone in Europe, the eastern part of North America and Japan. In continental East Asia, however, they are absent in the deciduous forests of the temperate zone, but occur in the forests of mountains in the moist subtropical zone, south of 34° Northern Latitude. The lower limits of their distribution in these mountains show a significantly different pattern from the usual distribution pattern of plants and vegetation: it declines as the latitude decreases. The altitudinal belts of beech species lie higher in the northern than in the southern parts of their distribution areas in China. Based on an analysis of the climate and the phenology of these deciduous trees, we show that the prevailing monsoon conditions are the main factor affecting the distribution of the Chinese beech species.     

Landslide densities associated with rainfall,stand age,and topography on forested landscapes,southwestern Washington,USA

Elevated landslide rates in forested landscapes can adversely impact aquatic habitat and water quality and remove and/or degrade soil resources required for forest regeneration. As a result, understanding the associations between management actions, natural factors, and landslide rates is important information needed for land managers. An unusual and powerful storm in early December, 2007, caused record flooding and thousands of landslides across southwest Washington and northwest Oregon, USA, and provided a rare opportunity to examine the effects of both natural factors and forest management practices on landslide density. Landslide inventory data were collected from both aerial photos and systematic field surveys to provide a broad survey database that was used to develop estimates of landslide density and to examine associations between landslide density, precipitation, topography, and forest stand age across a 152,000 ha forested landscape in the Willapa Hills, Washington. We estimated the probability of detecting landslides on aerial photos for six strata defined by forest stand age and a broad range of rainfall intensity, expressed as percent of the 100-year, 24-h, maximum rainfall. Key findings are that landslide detection probability decreased with increasing stand age, but was similar across rainfall intensities. The overall fraction of field-detected landslides that were not detected on 1:12,000-scale aerial photos was 39%. Very few landslides occurred in the 0–100% of 100-year rainfall category, regardless of stand age or slope gradient class. At higher rainfall intensities, significantly higher landslide densities occurred on steep slopes (>70% gradient) compared to lower gradient slopes, as expected. Above ∼150% of 100-year rainfall, the density of landslides was ∼2–3 times larger in the 0–5 and 6–10 year stand age categories than in the 11–20, 21–30, 31–40, and 41+ categories. The effect of stand age was strongest at the highest rainfall intensities. Our results demonstrate that ground-based landslide inventory data are required in order to correct for detection bias from aerial photos, develop reasonable estimates of landslide density across environmental gradients such as rainfall magnitude and topography, and make unbiased interpretations of relationships between forest management associations and landslide occurrence.     

气候变暖对葫芦岛地区气候的影响

对葫芦岛地区1959～2005年所辖4个气象站（绥中站、连山站、兴城站和建昌站）的温度、降水资料进行了分析。结果表明：气候变暖导致葫芦岛地区气温上升趋势和降水下降趋势比较明显;进入20世纪80年代以后,葫芦岛地区干旱频率增加,严重干旱次数明显高于1980年以前。同时,通过计算不同农业生产季节的干旱指数（Ik）,分析其变化趋势,指出进入20世纪80年代以后夏季、秋季及夏秋连季干旱频发,应予以高度关注。     

MM5模式对阿勒泰地区2005—2008年汛期降水预报检验

利用MM5中尺度数值预报模式检验了阿勒泰地区2005—2008年汛期(5-9月)的降水预报效果。结果表明,MM5模式对阿勒泰地区区域性降水的定性预报有较好的指导意义;就该地区定量降水的预报而言,对小雨的预报准确率较高,其次是中雨和微雨,对大雨、暴雨基本无预报能力。     

全球气候变暖背景下广西降水集中程度的变化特征研究

利用广西1961～2008年87个气象观测站的逐日降水资料,采用蒙特卡罗检验方法,计算和分析广西降水集中程度的变化特征。结果表明,广西大部分地区气候变暖很显著,年降水集中度由桂东北向桂西南逐渐增大。降水集中期为4月中旬～8月下旬,由桂东北向桂西南推迟。全球气候变暖背景下,广西大部地区年降水有集中加强的趋势,即发生洪涝灾害可能性有增大的趋势。降水集中期有偏早趋势,桂北较桂南显著。暴雨集中度除了桂西北及少数地区有减小趋势外,其他大部分地区有增大趋势,即发生洪涝泥石流灾害可能性增大。暴雨集中期大部地区有偏晚的趋势。     

班玛县十年来气温与降水的变化趋势及相关性分析

通过对班玛县1995～2004年10年来气温与降雨量的统计分析,探讨了班玛县气温和降雨量的变化趋势及二者的相关性。结果表明,从1995～2004年,平均气温逐渐升高,2003年达到最高值,与1995年相比平均气温升高了1.10℃;历年降雨量变化规律不明显,在全年尺度上降雨量的变化与气温变化基本一致,表现出明显的季节性变化规律。     

达日县十年间气温与降水的变化趋势及相关性分析

本文通过对达日县1995年至2004年10年来气温与降雨量的统计分析,探讨了达日县气温和降雨量的变化趋势及二者的相关性。结果表明:从1995年至2004年,平均气温逐渐升高,2003年达到最高值,与1995年相比平均气温升高了1.37℃;历年降雨量变化规律不明显,在全年尺度上降雨量的变化与气温变化基本一致,表现出明显的季节性变化规律。