江西三清山裸子植物区系分析

对江西省三清山裸子植物区系调查统计结果表明,裸子植物8科、24属、31种,占江西省裸子植物(12科、41属、197种)的66.67%、58.54%和15.74%,占中国裸子植物(12科、49属、293种)的66.67%、48.98%和10.58%,其中自然分布有6科、14属、17种。科分布型以北温带和泛热带分布为主;属分布型以北温带和中国特有成分为主,东亚-北美间断分布和东亚成分也不少;种分布型以东亚和中国特有分布为主,热带亚洲分布也不少。按生态型分,温性针叶树种为主,占总属数的70.97%,暖性针叶树种占22.58%。与黄山、武夷山、天目山、井冈山和庐山裸子植物区系进行比较,并计算了三清山与各山地的相似性以及属种系数,结果表明:6个山地科和属分布型以北温带为主;种以中国特有分布型为主。三清山与五山地在科、属和种级水平上相似性系数及属种系数都很高,但在属种组成上有一定的差异性,最后,对各山地珍稀濒危保护物种进行了归纳统计。     

Current status and predicted impact of climate change on forest production and biogeochemistry in the temperate oceanic European zone: review and prospects for Belgium as a case study

Reviews of the current statuses of forests and the impacts of climate change on forests exist at the (sub)continental scale, but rarely at country and regional levels, meaning that information on causal factors, their impacts, and specific regional properties is often inconsistent and lacking in depth. Here, we present the current status of forest production and biogeochemistry and the expected impacts of climate change on them for Belgium. This work represents a case study for the temperate oceanic zone, the most important bioclimatic zone in northwestern Europe. Results show that Belgian forests are mainly young, very productive, and have a high C-sequestration capacity. Major negative anomalies in tree vitality were observed in the 1990s and—as result of disturbances—in the last decade for sensitive species as poplars and European beech. The most severe disturbances were caused by extreme climatic events, directly (e.g. storms) or indirectly (e.g. insect outbreaks after a mild autumn with an early/severe frost). Because of atmospheric deposition and soil fertilization (due to the previous use of the land), nutrient stocks of Belgian forests are likely to sustain the future enhancement in productivity which is expected to follow the increase in atmospheric CO₂ concentration that will occur in years to come. However, in the long term, such (enhanced) forest production is likely to be limited by nutrient deficiencies at poor sites and by drought for sensitive species such as beech and (particularly) Norway spruce. Drought conditions will likely increase in the future, but adverse effects are expected on a relatively limited number of tree species. The potential impacts of windstorms, insects and fungi should be carefully investigated, whereas fires are less of a concern.     

Restoration of floodplain forests in Britain

Floodplain forests have almost completely disappeared from Britain.Throughout the temperate regions of Europe and North Americathey have been greatly reduced and many of the remainder arethreatened. River control has altered the natural flooding anddisturbance regime. However, changes in agricultural requirementsand attitudes to river management and the need to improve waterquality have created an opportunity for restoring some morenatural river dynamics and habitats. This paper presents a casefor including managed and natural floodplain forests in riverand floodplain restoration projects. Benefits would accrue fortimber production, reduction of agricultural surpluses, natureconservation, fishing, water quality, river control and landscapequality. Limited practical experience of floodplain forest restorationin North America and continental Europe suggests that practicalproblems can be overcome.     

浙江丽水国家重点保护野生植物区系研究

调查统计表明,丽水共有国家重点保护野生植物28种,隶属14科23属,裸子植物9种,被子植物19种,其中国家1级保护植物4种,Ⅱ级保护植物24种。丽水国家重点保护野生植物区系具有种类丰富、过渡性强、成分特有及起源古老等特征,从种的地理分布和属的分布区类型的分析可以看出,该区系与华南、华东联系密切;属的分布区类型以中国特有分布最多(21.74%),其次分别是东亚与北美间断分布(17.38%)、东亚分布(13.04%)和北温带分布(13.04%),温带分布略多于热带分布(11∶7)。     

杨柳科植物的分类与分布

杨柳科包含２个亚科、５个属、约５００种；杨亚科由杨属和胡杨属组成，柳亚科由原柳属、钻天柳属和柳属组成；该科广泛自然分布天大约从北纬８２度至南纬５２度的非洲、欧洲、亚洲、南美洲和北美洲。杨属约５０种，分布于欧洲、亚洲、北美洲和非洲北缘；胡杨属约３种，间断分布于热带非洲、古地中海地区和墨西哥；原柳属约５０种，广泛分布于非洲、欧洲、亚洲、南美洲和北美洲；钻天柳属约４种，局限分布于鄂霍次克海和日本海四周地     

栎属树种生长模型研究进展

栎属树种是亚热带常绿阔叶林和温带落叶阔叶林的主要建群树种之一,分布范围极为广泛,在国内外被广泛应用于城市园林绿化、水源涵养林、水土保持林,也是重要的珍贵用材树种,同时其果实、栓皮等具有重要的工业和药用价值.研究栎林的生长过程,对其经营抚育决策具有重要的参考意义.文中对近年来国内外关于栎属树种的生长过程,特别是栎属树种生长模型的研究进行了综述,包括栎属树种全林分生长模型、单木生长模型、径阶分布模型等;阐述了栎属树种生长模型的研究现状及发展趋势,以期为栎林的经营抚育决策提供参考.     

若尔盖辖曼自然保护区种子植物区系成分研究

经室内整理，辖曼自然保护区中的种子植物被鉴定为33科，106属，196种。按照属的分布区类型对这些种子植物研究，认为以温带植物区系为主。106个属中，世界广布属25个，北温带分布的属49个，旧世界温带分布的属11个，温带亚洲分布的属7个，东亚分布的属2个，泛热带分布的属2个，热带亚洲分布的属于1个，地中海区／西亚至东亚分布属5个，东亚和北美洲间断分布的属2个，中国特有属2个。     

Litter impair spruce seedling emergence in beech forests: a litter manipulation experiment

European beech Fagus sylvatica and Norway spruce Picea abies are economically and ecologically important forest trees in large parts of Europe. Today, the beech forest reaches its northern distribution limit in south-eastern Norway and it is expected to expand northwards due to climate warming. This expansion will likely result in fundamental ecosystem changes. To increase our knowledge about the competitive balance between spruce and beech, we have investigated how beech and spruce litter affect spruce seedling emergence, growth and uptake of C and N. We did this in a seed-sowing experiment that included litter layer removal as well as reciprocal transplantations of litter layers between spruce and beech forests. Our results show that spruce seedling emergence was significantly impaired by both litter layer types, and especially so by the beech litter layer in the beech forest. The low seedling emergence in beech forests is concurrent with their lower light availability.     

河北野生藤本植物区系分析

河北省野生藤本植物共有114种(包括变种)。隶属于51属26科。基本特点是：双子叶植物科属种最多；小型科属和单种科属较多，而大型科属较少；草本植物占优势。区系成分分析表明，泛热带成分居首位(23．52％)，其次是北温带成分(15．69％)、东亚北美成分(11．77％)和东亚成分(11．77％)，它们是区系的主体成分；各类温带成分占39．22％，而热带成分占41．16%，表明本区系为暖温带性质；特有现象不明显。     

Productivity of temperate broad-leaved forest stands differing in tree species diversity

? Understanding the effects of tree species diversity on biomass and production of forests is fundamental for carbon sequestration strategies, particularly in the perspective of the current climate change. However, the diversity-productivity relationship in old-growth forests is not well understood.

? We quantified biomass and above-ground production in nine forest stands with increasing tree species diversity from monocultures of beech to stands consisting of up to five deciduous tree species (Fagus sylvatica, Fraxinus excelsior, Tilia spp., Carpinus betulus, Acer spp.) to examine (a) if mixed stands are more productive than monospecific stands, (b) how tree species differ in the productivity of stem wood, leaves and fruits, and (c) if beech productivity increases with tree diversity due to lower intraspecific competition and complementary resource use.

? Total above-ground biomass and wood production decreased with increasing tree species diversity. In Fagus and Fraxinus, the basal area-related wood productivity exceeded those of the co-occurring tree species, while Tilia had the highest leaf productivity. Fagus trees showed no elevated production per basal area in the mixed stands.

? We found no evidence of complementary resource use associated with biomass production. We conclude that above-ground productivity of old-growth temperate deciduous forests depend more on tree species-specific traits than on tree diversity itself.

     

Tree mortality in a mixed deciduous forest in Northwestern Russia over 22 years

? We studied mortality rates of birch, small-leaved linden, pedunculate oak, Norway maple, black alder, common ash and Norway spruce, assessed through two inventories of 12 664 trees in the unmanaged mixed deciduous forests of Oranienbaum Park, northwestern Russia, in 1981 and 2003.

? Our objectives were to evaluate if (a) long-term mortality rates vary among species, and if (b) crown condition, age and tree size affect the probability of mortality.

? Over this period, tree mortality rates in the park varied annually from 1 to 3% for healthy and moderately healthy trees, and from 3.9 to 9.3% for declining trees. The lowest mortality rates were observed for small-leaved linden and oak (0.8 and 1.0%, respectively), and the highest rate for birch (2.7%). We found (1) a significant and consistent association between tree condition and the probability of mortality, and (2) significantly higher mortality rates in smaller trees of ash, maple and oak.

? The effect of species-specific biology on mortality rates in the Oranienbaum Park was largely overridden by the “health status” and environmental conditions of the trees (e.g. degree of crown shading). The observed rates were similar to the estimates from natural temperate deciduous forests in both Europe and North America, indicating similar intensity of mortality in these ecosystems under natural conditions.

     

原柳属次级区分的探讨

原柳属Pleiarina Rafin.隶属于杨柳科柳亚科Salicaceae subfam.Salicoideae;在柳亚科的系统发育中,它体现了一条单独的演化路线、代表了一个明确的谱系分枝;它自然分布于大约从南纬52度至北纬70度的非洲、南美洲、欧洲、亚洲、北美洲的广大地区,广泛生长在热带、南温带、北温带、北寒带(南缘)的各个地带。原柳属约有56个天然种,本文中被区分为2个亚属、6个组、3个系;原柳亚属Subgen.Pleiarina包含4个组,即四籽柳组Sect.Tet-raspermae,原柳组Sect.Pleiarina(包含原柳系Ser.Pleiarina,腺柳系Ser.Glandulosae,锐叶柳系Ser.Acmophyllae),马达柳组Sect.Madagascarienses和锦江柳组Sect.Fangianae;五蕊柳亚属Subgen.Lygus包含2个组,即五蕊柳组Sect.Lygus和三蕊柳组Sect.Amygdalinae。编写了亚属、组、系的检索表。提供了原柳属植物种类一览,包括它们的正名、异名、文献引注、地理分布等。     

Compression and overlap of unique vegetation system of subtropical mountain resembling tropical and temperate forests along elevation

The purpose of this study was to investigate how forests on subtropical mountains, which resembled tropical and temperate forests, were assembled, and to examine the compression and overlap of vegetations. We established 344 sample plots (400 m²) located at different altitudinal gradients ranging from 16 to 3,500 m above sea level (ASL) in Hsueshan Range northern Taiwan. Vegetation types were classified by TWINSPAN and the results of DCA were used to analyze the changes in vegetation types along elevation. Vegetation I was composed of the species of Euphorbiaceae, Moraceae, and Rubiaceae, which were taxa of tropical floristic elements, and the extent of this vegetation was limited below 1,500 m ASL. Vegetation II was defined into two subtypes, which were distributed from 1,000 to 2,500 m ASL, and were composed predominantly of Chamaecyparis and Tsuga, respectively. Our data also revealed that vegetation II contained co-dominants of species from families Lauraceae and Fagaceae. Moreover, evergreen broadleaved trees similar to tropical mountain forests were found to have narrower altitudinal ranges on subtropical mountains, whereas coniferous forests resembled temperate areas and were characterized by endemic conifer species. Vegetation III, from 2,500 to 3,500 m ASL, was characterized by endemic conifer species, Abies and Tsuga. Interestingly, deciduous forest was almost absent in this area and Fagus was the only tree type on a small mountain ridge. Data obtained from this study will help in raising conservation awareness for subtropical mountains since unique patterns of compression and overlap characteristics of tropical and temperate resembling forests were evident.     

Beech leaf disease: An emerging forest epidemic

Beech leaf disease (BLD) is a currently undiagnosed and seemingly lethal disease that was discovered in 2012 on American beech trees (Fagus grandifolia) in north‐east Ohio in the United States. Since its discovery, BLD has spread rapidly and can now be found in forests in 10 counties in Ohio, eight counties in Pennsylvania and five counties in Ontario, Canada. The initial symptoms of the disease appear as a dark green, interveinal banding pattern on the lower canopy foliage. These initial symptoms typically occur in the shrub or sampling layer of a beech stand. The later symptoms result in solidly darkened leaves that are shrunken and crinkled. The symptoms appear to progress through the buds as the affected buds are eventually aborted and no new leaves are produced. We fear this disease has the potential to drastically alter the Eastern deciduous forests of the United States on its own and through potential compounding disease effects. In addition, BLD poses a threat to global forests as symptoms of the disease were detected on European (F. sylvatica) and Oriental (F. orientalis) beech species in nurseries in north‐eastern Ohio. Due to its rapid spread and variability in environmental conditions where it has been detected, it seems unlikely that BLD is an abiotic disorder. Thus, intense efforts are underway to determine the causal agent of BLD. Relevant stakeholders are advised to be alert for BLD symptoms in beech forests in the Northern Hemisphere, and substantial resources should be invested in understanding this emerging forest disease.     

Estimation of stomatal ozone uptake of deciduous trees in East Asia

• Background   

To assess ozone risks to temperate deciduous forest trees in East Asia, the stomatal ozone uptake was estimated based on a flux-based modeling approach.     

Biomass and production of fine roots in Japanese forests

To better understand the control of fine-root dynamics in Japanese forests, we reviewed studies conducted in Japan on fine-root biomass and production. Most of the data on fine-root biomass were obtained for conifer plantations in limited regions; the average fine-root biomass of dominant trees ranged from ∼50 g m₋₂ for Pinus species (n = 3) to ∼600 g m₋₂ for Cryptomeria japonica (n = 4) and Chamaecyparis obtusa (n = 3). These values are comparable with or less than those reported for other temperate forests mainly in North America or Europe. Information on fine-root production in Japanese forests remains limited. Fine-root production accounted for ∼30% of the net primary productivity in two deciduous forests, but similar data was not reported for coniferous forests in Japan. In Japanese forests, slope position is a key parameter controlling fine-root biomass that is greater on upper slopes than on lower slopes, probably because soil resource availability decreases upslope. Studies in manipulated soil environments (e.g., removing throughfall to simulate drought) also suggested that fine-root biomass and production were greatly affected by altered soil environments. Physiological control of fine-root dynamics was recently discussed via anatomical analyses of Chamaecyparis obtusa. Findings from Japanese studies generally support data on fine-root biomass and production obtained from other temperate regions. Further attempts to elucidate the influence of slope position (soil resource availability) on fine-root production would be useful to gain a more detailed understanding of the fine-root dynamics in Japanese forests.     

贡嘎山自然保护区种子植物区系研究

通过对贡嘎山自然保护区高等植物的野外调查数据整理和已有资料的统计分析,结果表明:1)贡嘎山自然保护区有高等植物151科688属2 472种(含种下单位,下同),种子植物有120科631属2 323种。保护区植物科、属、种组成丰富,被子植物占有明显优势,科、属、种分别占总数的77%、90%、93%;2)保护区地质历史悠久,生态环境复杂多样,单种属和少种属数量较多,植物区系起源古老。北温带分布类型、东亚分布类型及泛热带分布类型占据着不同的地域和海拔,并彼此交汇渗透,使该地区植物区系组成复杂;3)保护区各类温带性质的区系成分共计237属,热带性质的区系成分共计162属,表明该地区植物区系具有明显的温带性质;4)保护区东亚分布类型明显高于全国水平,结合保护区所处的地理环境以及与其它植物区系间的关系,表明保护区是某些植物分布的过渡地带,特别是东亚分布类型具有明显的过渡性。     

辽宁老秃顶子国家级自然保护区植被研究

对辽宁省老秃顶子国家级自然保护区内的植被和植物区系作了分析。结果表明，该区植物物种丰富，有维管束植物120科1141种；区系成分复杂，包含有东亚一北美成分、北温带成分、温带亚洲成分、旧大陆温带成分等多个分布区类型；植被类型多样，有5个植被型组，9个植被型，24个群系，其中包括在该区典型的跳石塘植被。     

生物固氮在林业中的应用和研究

本文介绍了生物固氮在东南亚、澳大利亚和新西兰、欧洲和北美林业中的应用和研究情况。其中北美的研究较深入,主要包括(1)共生的性质;(2)宿主植物改良;(3)氮的固定和积累;(4)共生系统对森林生态系统的影响;(5)共生固氮系统的管理。     

Extent,distribution and origin of non-native forest tree species in Europe

ABSTRACT

The management of non-native tree species in European forests has a long history, but the information on the current number and geographic distribution of these species in European forests is incomplete and scattered across various datasets. This study aims to perform an inventory of the most frequent non-native tree species growing in European forests and analyse their current extent, geographic distribution and geographic origin. Our results show that at least 150 non-native tree species are currently growing in European forests and provenance trials. The genera represented by largest number of species are Eucalyptus, Pinus, Acacia and Abies. Species growing at the largest areas are Robinia pseudoacacia (2.44 million ha), Eucalyptus globulus (1.46 million ha), Picea sitchensis (1.16 million ha) and Pseudotsuga menziesii (0.83 million ha). In total, non-native tree species in Europe are found in an area of approximately 8.54 million ha, or 4.0% of the European forest area, and the five most abundant species account for up to 77% of this area. The largest number of these 150 species were introduced from North America (71), followed by Asia (45) and Australia (20). North American species occupy by far the largest area.