Integrated pest management of potato tuber moth in field and storage

Summary The potato tuber moth (PTM),Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller), is one of the most damaging pests of potatoes in field and storage. Tuber moth is active throughout the year in North Africa but is most active from late April to early August. Many cultural practices that are used by farmers to improve the yield and quality of potato can also limit the development of the potato tuber moth and minimise damage to tubers. As the farmers gain more experience with both agronomic practices and chemical insecticides, they are likely to rely more heavily on cultural practices and less on insecticides to manage PTM. Measures which could keep PTM damages in rustic and diffuse light stores to a minimum are discussed. Ideally, there is need to integrate pest management in potato fields and stores. PTM control in stores was found to be more effective if infestation in fields was kept to a minimum. Low infestation at harvest and rapid handling of the potatoes going into store established good initial storage conditions and decreased the likelihood of post-harvest losses. Biological insecticides in particular were more effective in preventing losses by insects in stores in cases where the initial level of infestation was relatively low.     

我国苜蓿病害研究进展

综述了我国苜蓿主要病害的分布和危害、病原学、发生规律、抗性种质材料的遗传筛选和鉴定及综合防治等方面的主要研究进展,并提出了今后的研究方向和发展目标。     

Prospects for management strategies of invasive crayfish populations with an emphasis on biological control

• 1. The white‐clawed crayfish, Austropotamobius pallipes (Lereboullet), is the only freshwater crayfish indigenous to Great Britain and Ireland. It has a widespread, though declining distribution in England and parts of Wales but does not occur naturally in Scotland.
• 2. The North American signal crayfish, Pacifastacus leniusculus (Dana), is not native to Europe and was introduced to Britain in the 1970s. The signal crayfish out‐competes the native white‐clawed crayfish as it is larger and more aggressive. It is also responsible for the introduction and spread of crayfish plague, which has devastated white‐clawed crayfish populations in Europe.
• 3. Signal crayfish populations are causing significant changes to the equilibrium of native flora and fauna through increased grazing and predation pressures; they also contribute to habitat degradation through burrowing.
• 4. Manual removal of crayfish using traps and pond trials with biocides have met with moderate success in reducing crayfish numbers and containing populations. However, with new populations of signal crayfish being reported each year within the UK, there is now an urgent need to develop a strategy with which to eradicate or contain their spread.
• 5. Signal crayfish have populated many habitat types in the UK, each of which may require a different control strategy; hence no single strategy or universal solution is likely to be attainable.
• 6. Signal crayfish are susceptible to various biocides and microbial pathogens but significant scientific research will be required to develop safe biological control methods and integrated pest management (IPM) strategies to control these invasive organisms. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

     

松辽平原玉米主要病虫害综合治理体系研究

经过5年玉米主要病虫害综合治理系统研究,明确了松辽平原生态区玉米主要病虫害的灾变动态,进行了品种抗病虫性研究,筛选出抗性品种,明确了玉米苗期丛生苗的发生原因,建立了玉米螟发生程度长期预测体系。将综合治理技术组装配套、协调应用,建立了以灾变动态为依据,以抗病品种为基础,综合配套措施为主导的玉米主要病虫害综合治理体系。并进行大面积示范,取得了显著的社会、经济和生态效益。     

大白菜制种田主要害虫种群动态及综合控制技术

研究了山西大白菜制种田主要害虫菜蚜、菜蛾和豌豆潜叶蝇田间种群消长动态，并据此将制种大白菜生育期分为3个阶段，制订出防治对策。     

柑桔锈螨（Phyllocoptura oleivora Ashmead）研究进展

柑桔锈螨是我国柑桔生产的重要害虫，在我国，一般每年有三个发生高峰期，造成对柑桔叶、果实的严重危害，在高温旱时危害尤为严重其发生适宜温度是２３～３２℃，最适温度是２５℃，光周期是Ｌ：Ｄ＝１２：１２，近年来已经对一些药剂如三氯杀螨醇产生了抗药性，就柑桔锈螨的发生规律、抗性和防治等进行了系统进行了叙述，并提出了综合防治措施。     

书虱综合防治技术研究进展

近年来，书虱在我国“双低”储粮中已上升为优势种群，引起了广大储粮保护工作者的高度重视，本文详细地介绍了近年来国内外书虱综合防治技术的研究进展。分析了利用书虱发生的生态因子以及采用气调技术、生物措施、化学药剂、诱捕法和惰性材料等方法进行防治的优缺点，提出出书虱综合治理的对策，这对于进行书虱的抗药性和抗气性治理，防止书虱的发生危害有很重要的参考价值。     

Impact of mirid (Creontiades spp.) (Hemiptera: Miridae) pest management on Helicoverpa spp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) outbreaks: the case for conserving natural enemies

Creontiades spp. (Hemiptera: Miridae) are sucking pests that attack buds, flowers and young pods in mungbeans, Vigna radiata (L.), causing these structures subsequently to abort. If left uncontrolled, mirids can cause 25-50% yield loss. Traditional industry practice has involved prophylactic applications of dimethoate to control mirids at budding and again a week later. The present trial was initiated to highlight the dangers of such a practice, in particular the risk of a subsequent Helicoverpa spp. lepidopteran pest outbreak. A single application of dimethoate halved the population of important natural enemies of Helicoverpa spp., and caused an above-threshold outbreak of Helicoverpa spp. within 11 days. This shows that even a moderate (e.g. 50%) reduction in natural enemies may be sufficient to increase Helicoverpa spp. populations in mungbeans. As a result, prophylactic sprays should not be used for the control of mirids in mungbeans, and dimethoate should be applied only when mirids are above the economic threshold. Indoxacarb was also tested to establish its effect on Helicoverpa spp., mirids and natural enemies. Indoxacarb showed potential for Helicoverpa spp. control and suppression of mirids and had little impact on natural enemies.