蚕粪中提取叶绿素铜钠盐的稳定性研究

以蚕粪为原料,95%的乙醇为溶剂提取叶绿素,并通过化学法制得叶绿素的铜纳盐。采用721分光光度计对叶绿素铜钠盐进行定性、定量测定,确定该色素测定系统中的最大波长为414nm。通过测量吸光值研究了几种常用食品添加剂对叶绿素铜钠盐稳定性的影响,并对其耐光、耐热、耐酸碱及耐氧化性、耐还原性进行探讨。结果表明:叶绿素铜钠盐在70℃以下稳定性较好;光照对叶绿素铜钠盐稳定性的影响较大;还原剂(Na2S2O3)对叶绿素铜钠盐稳定性的影响较大,氧化剂在短时间内对其稳定性的影响不大,但放置的时间不宜超过30min;叶绿素铜钠盐在pH值为6以上的溶液中较为稳定,且有机酸及单糖对其稳定性无明显影响。     

Effects of feeding and animal performance on nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium excretion by Holstein cows

Thirty‐four Holstein dry cows and 16 lactating cows were used in balance trials to identify the effects of feeding and animal performance on nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) excretion by dairy cows, and to develop prediction models for these excreta. Orchard grass silage, corn silage, alfalfa silage or timothy hay were offered to dry cows. Orchard grass silage or alfalfa silage, and concentrates were offered to lactating cows. In the statistical analysis, the independent variables were bodyweight (kg), dry matter (DM) intake (kg/day), milk yield (for lactating cows only, kg/day), water intake (free water plus water in feed, kg/day), intake (g/day) of N, P and K and dietary contents (% of DM) of crude protein, P and K. The dependent variables were N, P and K excretion (g/day) in feces and urine. In both dry and lactating cows, intake of N, P and K had large effects on corresponding excretion. The results indicated that a decrease in the intake of N, P and K could decrease the corresponding excretion. Further research by path analysis showed that K intake positively affected urinary N excretion in dry cows indirectly, through water intake and urine volume.     

国产克洛素隆尿药排泄数据分析

应用Kromasil-C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm),WatersTM480型可调波长紫外检测器,0.01M磷酸钾(pH=7):乙腈(3:1)为流动相,检测波长265 nm,含量测定采用标准曲线法,建立了RP-HPLC法检测绵羊尿中克洛素隆含量的方法.方法有效性评价结果表明,尿药含量在0.01～5.0μg/ml及5.0～30.0μg/ml范围呈良好线形关系(r=0.9993、0.9995),方法平均回收率99.32%,日内、日间变异系数分别为3.91%、6.28%.尿药最低检测限0.005μg/ml.试验绵羊以7 mg/kg单剂量经静脉、肌肉及口服三种途径给药后,尿中药物浓度分析表明,克洛素隆经体内处理后主要经肾脏排泄,给药96 h内,静注经尿排泄原药为81.76%,肌注为64.03%,口服为48.50%.     

Temporal patterns and quantification of excretion of Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis in sheep with Johne's disease

OBJECTIVES: To determine the frequency of excretion of Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis in Merino sheep with Johne's disease and to quantify excretion in a group of Merino sheep. DESIGN: A pen and laboratory experiment. PROCEDURE: Seven sheep selected from an affected flock on the basis of acid-fast bacilli in the sheep's faeces were housed and total daily faecal output was collected, weighed and subjected to culture for M avium subsp paratuberculosis. An end-point titration method was used to enumerate viable M avium subsp paratuberculosis in a 15 day pooled sample from five sheep that had acid-fast bacilli in their faeces while housed. RESULTS: Four sheep with subclinical multibacillary Johne's disease excreted M avium subsp paratuberculosis each day for 11 days of cultural observation. A further three sheep were intermittent excreters but lacked other evidence of infection with M avium subsp paratuberculosis. The average number of viable bacteria excreted was 1.09 x 10(8) per gram of faeces while total daily excretion was 8.36 x 10(10) viable M avium subsp paratuberculosis per sheep. Examination of faecal smears stained with Ziehl Neelsen was an unreliable means of assessing daily excretion in individual animals except in those with severe lesions. CONCLUSION: Excretion of M avium subsp paratuberculosis in Merino sheep with multibacillary Johne's disease occurred daily, proving that environmental contamination can be continuous on farms with endemic ovine Johne's disease. Faecal culture is a useful method for detecting infection as it does not appear to be affected by the timing of collection of a sample from sheep with multibacillary disease however, to maximise the sensitivity of disease surveillance using faecal culture, sampling rates should be adjusted to take account of the proportions of multibacillary and paucibacillary cases.     

盐度、温度和体质量对钝吻黄盖鲽幼鱼排氨率和耗氧率的影响

采用静水密闭式呼吸实验方法研究了不同盐度(8、14、20、26、32)、温度(10、15、20℃)和不同体质量(共6组)对钝吻黄盖鲽(Pleuronectes yokohama)幼鱼耗氧率和排氨率的影响。结果表明,盐度在8~32时对钝吻黄盖鲽幼鱼耗氧率和排氨率影响显著,且二者都随盐度降低而减小;温度在10~20℃时对钝吻黄盖鲽幼鱼耗氧率和排氨率影响显著,在该范围下二者都随温度升高而增大;钝吻黄盖鲽幼鱼随体质量的增加耗氧率和排氨率在减小。随着盐度的增加和温度的降低,二者的O∶N都在降低,范围分别为44.441~12.278和13.446~17.631,在该温度区间下(10~20℃)呼吸和排泄的Q10平均值分别为1.545和2.018,不同体质量下O∶N相差不大。本实验设置的盐度和温度条件下,钝吻黄盖鲽幼鱼的能源物质绝大多数为脂肪和蛋白质,只是所占的比例不同,只有在盐度为8的情况下能源物质为脂肪和糖类。     

不同规格哲罗幼鱼摄食前后排氨率的研究

采用室内实验生态学方法对5种不同规格(10.64±0.42 g,16.44±0.67 g,24.67±0.74 g,30.90±1.74 g,37.33±0.98 g)哲罗幼鱼摄食前后的排氨率进行研究。结果表明,饱食后,5个规格组哲罗幼鱼的排氨率均迅速上升,到达最大值后再缓慢下降,最后恢复到各自的初始水平;5个规格组哲罗幼鱼的排氨持续时间(DNR)和排氨率峰值时间(TNR)随着体重的增加而延长;哲罗幼鱼摄食前后排氨率(NR)与体重(t)之间的拟合方程分别为:NR=4.323 6 w-0.555 9(R2=0.992 4,10.64 g相似文献   

Nutritional strategies to cope with reduced litter weight gain and total tract digestibility in lactating sows

Twelve lactating sows were used to evaluate the effects of reducing dietary crude protein (CP) (14% vs. 12%) and increasing neutral detergent fibre (NDF) levels (18% vs. 22%) on litter performance, total tract apparent digestibility and manure composition in a 4 × 4 latin square arrangement during a 36‐day lactation period. Diets were isoenergetic (2.9 Mcal ME/kg) and had similar total lysine content (0.9%). In addition, a second aim was to compare a reference external marker method (Cr₂O₃) with an internal feed marker [acid‐insoluble ash (AIA)] for the calculation of apparent total tract digestibility of nutrients in lactating sows. The reduction of dietary CP level in lactating sows had no effect on either live‐weight or backfat thickness or apparent total tract digestibility of nutrients. However, the piglets' average daily gain (ADG) was reduced in low dietary CP diets, which suggests that sows reduced milk production due to an underestimation of certain essential amino acid requirements (e.g. valine). The increase of dietary NDF level did not affect sow and litter performance. Nevertheless, the total tract apparent digestibility of organic matter, CP and carbohydrates was reduced, and ether extract digestion was increased in high NDF compared to normal NDF diets equally balanced for ME and lysine content. The coefficients of total tract apparent digestibility of nutrients in lactating sows were greater when using AIA compared to Cr₂O₃ marker, regardless of dietary CP or NDF level, but their coefficients of variation were lower in the former than in the latter. In lactating sows, a trade‐off between litter performance and nutrient digestion is established when reducing dietary CP or increasing NDF levels while maintaining similar lysine content through synthetic amino acids and balancing metabolizable energy through dietary fat sources.     

碳酸盐碱度对达里湖瓦氏雅罗鱼耗氧率、氨氮排泄和排氨基因表达的影响

采用封闭流水式呼吸室法,研究了不同浓度碳酸盐碱度(以下简称CA,10、30、50、70、90、110 mmol/L)对体质量为(84.62±6.70)g的达里湖瓦氏雅罗鱼耗氧率、氨氮排泄率、血氨含量及排氨基因Rh家族(Rhag、Rhbg、Rhcg1和Rhcg2)在鳃组织中表达量的影响。结果表明,随着碱度的升高,瓦氏雅罗鱼的耗氧率和排氨率均表现为先下降后上升的趋势,且都显著低于对照组(P0.05)。在CA90时,耗氧率和排氨率均达到最低值,表明CA90可能是达里湖瓦氏雅罗鱼所能承受的最大碱度胁迫。相反,随着碱度的升高,瓦氏雅罗鱼的血氨含量呈现先上升后下降的趋势,在CA90时达到峰值。然而在CA0~50时,瓦氏雅罗鱼血氨含量无显著差异(P0.05),表明达里湖瓦氏雅罗鱼进化出特殊的排氨机制,使其体内能够保持较低的氨氮含量以此规避氨中毒。定量PCR显示,参与氨转运的4种Rh基因在不同碱度处理组均有不同程度的上调表达;其中Rhcg1和Rhcg2在高碱度(CA110)最为显著(P0.05),表明Rhcg1和Rhcg2可能在达里湖瓦氏雅罗鱼高碱胁迫下的排氨过程中发挥重要作用。能量代谢研究(O∶N)发现,在CA0~70时,雅罗鱼无需消耗过多能源物质即可实现高碱度胁迫下的能量需求;而在碱度为90~110时,则主要消耗脂肪和碳水化合物供能,减少蛋白质耗能,以此降低毒氨的产生。依据上述研究结果,深入探讨了达里湖瓦氏雅罗鱼在高碱胁迫下的排氨策略及其可能的生理和分子机制,为推动达里湖瓦氏雅罗鱼在不同类型盐碱水域的增养殖提供科学依据。     

不同硒源对刺参呼吸代谢的影响

为了研究不同硒源对刺参Apostichopus japonicus特定生长率和呼吸代谢指标的影响,以刺参幼参和成参为研究对象,分别强化投喂硒添加量为0.6 mg/kg的硒代蛋氨酸、硒酸钠和亚硒酸钠饲料,试验周期为60 d。结果表明:硒添加组成参和幼参的特定生长率均显著大于对照组(P0.05),其中硒代蛋氨酸组最大,且显著大于硒酸钠组和亚硒酸钠组(P0.05),除硒代蛋氨酸组外,其他各试验组成参的特定生长率均大于幼参;硒添加组成参和幼参的耗氧率均显著大于对照组(P0.05),其中硒代蛋氨酸组最小,显著小于硒酸钠组和亚硒酸钠组(P0.05),对应组中,幼参耗氧率大于成参;硒添加组成参和幼参的排氨率均低于对照组,除硒代蛋氨酸组成参显著低于对照组(P0.05)外,其余硒添加组与对照组均无显著性差异(P0.05),硒代蛋氨酸组的排氨率最小,对应组中,幼参排氨率大于成参;硒添加组成参和幼参的O/N值均显著大于对照组(P0.05),其中硒代蛋氨酸组最小,但硒添加组间无显著性差异(P0.05),对应组中,成参的O/N值大于幼参。研究表明,饲料中添加硒能够提高刺参的代谢率,促进刺参生长,其中有机硒(硒代蛋氨酸硒)的促生长效果好于无机硒(硒酸钠和亚硒酸钠),且硒代蛋氨酸对幼参的促生长效果要好于成参。     

尖紫蛤体质量和海水温度对其耗氧率和排氨率的影响

采用室内实验生态学方法对尖紫蛤的耗氧率和排氨率进行了研究.结果表明,在16 ～ 32℃时,尖紫蛤的耗氧率和排氨率与体质量呈负相关的幂函数关系,可分别表示为OR=aW-b和NR=cW-b,其中b的取值范围为0.488 ～0.874,平均值为0.620;a的取值范围为0.362 ～1.371;d的取值范围为0.454 ～0.747,平均值为0.591;c的取值范围为44.678 ～121.158.在16～32℃时,尖紫蛤的耗氧率和温度之间的关系可以用指数函数OR =c1ed1T表示,耗氧率随着温度的升高而增加,在32℃时达到峰值,当温度超过32℃时,耗氧率下降.在16 ～36℃时,尖紫蛤的排氨率和温度之间的关系可以用二次多项式NR=-c2 +d2T-d3T2表示,在28℃时排氨率达到峰值.尖紫蛤呼吸Q10值的范围为0.547～3.660,排泄Q10值的范围为0.235～2.515,水温对耗氧率和排氨率的影响均显著.尖紫蛤的呼吸氧原子数与排出的氨态氮原子之比O∶N值的范围为4.312 ～21.874,各种规格的尖紫蛤O∶N随温度的升高而升高.