地面弥雾机与六旋翼植保无人机在芒果冠层中雾滴沉积性能对比

为解决芒果园传统植保作业中农药用量大、施药不均匀、作业效率低等问题,并构建智慧芒果园,本研究对比了地面弥雾机和六旋翼植保无人机两种果园施药机具在芒果冠层中的药液雾滴沉积性能。将芒果冠层分为上中下层,以柠檬黄为示踪剂,使用高清相纸与滤纸采集药液雾滴,通过图像处理等手段分析雾滴沉积分布均匀性。试验结果表明,植保无人机在芒果树上部冠层叶片表面的雾滴覆盖率显著高于地面弥雾机,在其余冠层部位,两种施药机具在叶片表面药液无显著差异覆盖;植保无人机处理组叶片正反面平均覆盖率均为地面弥雾机的1.5~2倍,对叶片背面的防治优于地面弥雾机。地面弥雾机处理组叶片正面雾滴密度显著高于植保无人机,叶片背面无显著差异,植保无人机处理组正反面均未满足低量喷雾20个/cm2的病虫害防治要求。地面弥雾机药液沉积集中在中下冠层（61.1%）,植保无人机集中在上部冠层（43.0%）,冠层内部沉积比例地面弥雾机（48.6%）＞植保无人机（25.5%）,但地面弥雾机在冠层上部沉积能力不足,沉积占比仅为17%。研究表明,相较于植保无人机,地面弥雾机适用于芒果冠层中下部及内部病虫害防治,同时该机具较高的雾滴覆盖密度在喷洒杀菌剂时也有明显优势,植保无人机适用于针对芒果上部冠层如蓟马、炭疽等易发于外部花絮的病虫害防治。     

酿酒酵母中磷脂合成相关基因突变对细胞自噬和液泡形态的影响

[目的]探讨酿酒酵母中磷脂合成相关基因突变对细胞自噬和液泡形态的影响.[方法]通过尼罗红染色观察酵母中磷脂合成相关基因突变后脂滴的形态;用绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)标记细胞自噬蛋白Atg8后,采用荧光显微镜和免疫印迹试验检测突变体细胞自噬的发生情况,并使用荧光染料FM4-64检测液泡形态;此外,检测相关突变体对吩嗪-1-羧酸(申嗪霉素)的敏感性.[结果]在营养有限条件下,酿酒酵母中磷脂合成相关基因突变体中脂滴的大小或数量受到不同程度的影响,但细胞自噬在常规检测条件下正常;其中磷脂酸胞苷转移酶编码基因CDS1突变导致液泡形态异常(碎片化),而其他磷脂合成相关基因突变不影响液泡形态;回补CDS1后,cds1-DAmP突变体中液泡形态恢复正常;此外,cds 1-DAmP突变体对吩嗪-1-羧酸处理更为敏感.[结论]酿酒酵母中脂滴和液泡形态异常不一定影响细胞自噬的正常进行,但可能影响其对外界环境的响应.     

国外农业航空静电喷雾技术研究进展与借鉴

农业航空静电喷雾技术作为中国发展精准农业航空应用技术的内容之一,对农药的有效利用和减少环境污染有积极意义。农业航空静电喷雾技术在国外发展较早也相对成熟,美国已有应用于有人机的商业化产品,并在美国、巴西等国各类粮食作物、经济作物和杂草防治作业中开展了大规模田间应用。该研究首先从基础研究、田间应用和优化工作等方面梳理了国外农业航空静电喷雾技术的研究进展,分析了农业航空静电喷雾技术在增加雾滴沉积、减少飘移和具备低施药液量等方面的优势。在此基础上结合中国植保无人机快速发展的实际对研究和应用适合中国国情的农业航空静电喷雾技术进行思考,提出了农业航空静电喷雾技术的研究路线,最后从采用接触式等非感应式充电方式、开发农业航空静电喷雾的测量技术,以及思考荷质比作为衡量指标的意义等方面探讨了可进行深入研究的方向。中国农业航空静电喷雾技术研究特别在植保无人机静电喷雾技术方面的研究与应用有很大的发展空间,可参考国外经验,围绕航空静电喷雾技术的基础性研究、田间试验、成果转化、示范推广和服务指导全方面制定发展规划,把单一强调对雾滴带电的实现转向对技术系统的整体研究。     

Y型棚架式果园的3WZ-300风送喷雾机设计与试验

目的 针对Y型棚架式果树的需风特性设计一款风送喷雾机,探究机具对此树形的施药规律,为新式果园栽植工艺的植保机具设计提供参考。方法 结合棚架梨树Y型树冠需风特性,设计一款异形导风管,确定发散型射流口,喷雾范围可全面覆盖冠层,并进行整机配置,风机使用无级调速带轮进行调速。以作业速度、出口风速、出风口与冠层中部高度差作为试验参数,以靶标雾滴覆盖率、靶标雾滴沉积量以及地面雾滴沉积量作为评价指标,设计田间试验。利用Design-Expert软件建立响应曲面分析参数对指标的影响,并对机具作业参数进行优化。结果 优化结果表明：3WZ-300风送喷雾机在作业速度0.8 m/s、出口风速22 m/s、出风口中部与梨树冠层中部高度差为5.1 cm时,靶标雾滴覆盖率为39.79%,靶标雾滴沉积量为9.89 μL/cm²,地面雾滴沉积量为5.41 μL/cm²,有效附着药液占比60.1%。结论 该喷雾机满足果园作业要求,施药效果较好,为棚架式果园喷雾机的设计及机具参数优化提供了参考。     

M45型多旋翼植保无人机减量施药对稻飞虱防治效果的影响

目的 研究多旋翼植保无人机减量施药对雾滴沉积效果以及稻飞虱防治效果的影响,促进水稻减量施药技术发展。方法 采用M45多旋翼植保无人机开展水稻施药田间试验,选取15.0和22.5 L/hm² 的施药液量,以及人工施药推荐剂量100%、90%、80%的3种减量农药剂量,研究不同施药液量和减量农药剂量对雾滴沉积效果以及稻飞虱防治效果的影响。结果 水稻冠层上部的雾滴沉积量明显优于冠层下部,2种施药液量以及3种减量农药剂量对雾滴沉积量的影响不显著;施药1周后稻飞虱数量显著减少。在相同施药液量条件下,减量农药剂量的变化对稻飞虱防治效果影响不明显。80%的农药剂量能满足稻飞虱防治要求。结论 无人机水稻施药作业中可选择80%的农药剂量进行减量施药。本研究可为水稻减量施药、减少水稻植保作业成本提供有益参考。     

氟虫腈药液在水稻叶片上的沉积特性研究

以氟虫腈悬浮剂为研究对象探讨了药液在水稻叶片上的沉积特性。随着雾流方向角增大,药液在稻叶上的沉积量显著增加,雾流方向角为30°、45°与60°处理时药液的沉积量分别比0°处理者提高了16.6％、39.3％与70.1％。随着雾滴体积中径(VMD)增大,氟虫腈药液在稻叶上的沉积量降低,VMD为157.3、193.2、215.4、233.7 μm 处理的药液沉积量分别比VMD 149.5 μm处理降低了16.2％、39.1％、49.5％与66.4％。施药液量少于339 L/hm2时,药液在稻叶上的沉积效率较高,为25.6％ ~28.1％,药液在稻叶上的最大稳定持留量约为 1.42 μL/cm2。较少施药液量和较小雾滴的处理,加入有机硅(150 g/hm2)后药液的沉积量可提高80％ ~150％,但施药液量增加至694.5 L/hm2 (VMD 233.7 μm)时,药液沉积量未增加。根据本实验结果,施药时采用较小雾滴和较少施药液量,雾流方向角45°~60°,并加入有机硅作为喷雾助剂,药液在稻叶上的沉积效率较高。     

喷灌水滴的蒸发研究

应用喷灌水滴分布模型、水滴蒸发模型和水滴运动模型对喷灌蒸发进行了预测 ,预测结果与实测蒸发量吻合     

Spray application factors and plant growth regulator performance: I. Bioassays and biological response

Bioassays were adapted to investigate effects of droplet size and carrier volume on performance of daminozide, gibberellic acid (GA₃) and 2,4-D using Phaseolus vulgaris L. as a model system. Response to plant growth regulators was indexed by inhibition (daminozide), promotion of internode elongation (GA₃) or ethylene production (2,4-D). Elongation of first plus second internodes above primary leaves was evaluated 14 days after treatment of primary leaves, while ethylene production was determined from head-space samples of incubated leaves 24 h after treatment. Daminozide inhibition of internode elongation was related to decreased cell size and number in pith and epidermis (range 49–70% of the untreated control). GA₃ increased cell size and number in both tissues 2·3- to 4·8-fold. Responsiveness to daminozide and 2,4-D markedly decreased as seedling age increased from 8 to 12 days, but responsiveness to GA₃ increased. Decreasing droplet size (10–0·5 μl) and increasing carrier volume (10–200 μl per leaf) at constant dose of daminozide (100 μg per leaf) and 2,4-D (100 μg per leaf) significantly increased performance, but had little effect on performance of GA₃ (2 μg per leaf). Effects of application factors on performance were related to their effects on the interface area between droplets and leaf surface. Significant positive linear relationships were obtained between plant response and the logarithm of the droplet/leaf interface area for all growth regulators. © 1998 Society of Chemical Industry     

双流体喷嘴靶向授粉沉积量控制参数研究

猕猴桃喷雾授粉作业时,花蕊区花粉液沉积量是保证猕猴桃产量和品质的关键。构建了双流式喷雾授粉试验装置,分别采用沉积量测试和图像灰度分析的方法,分析了气压、液流量和喷雾距离对授粉沉积质量和径向分布特征的影响,确定了双流体喷嘴授粉的对靶喷施控制参数,并通过棚架式猕猴桃田间授粉试验,验证了采用沉积量下限参数作业时,双流式授粉方式对坐果率、单果质量和畸形率的改善效果。试验研究表明：在盛花期（单花花冠完全展开时）采用质量分数为0.1%的花粉液,单朵猕猴桃雌花花蕊区最少沉积42.9mg花粉液,才可保证猕猴桃充分授粉;双流体喷嘴采用气压0.20MPa、花粉液流量0.125L/min、喷雾脉冲时长0.1s、喷雾距离35cm等作业参数时,可提高花粉液在花朵柱头区的有效沉积,改善对靶授粉作业品质。田间试验表明：采用双流体喷嘴喷雾授粉的坐果率达86.7%,平均果实质量达91.5g,优于电动喷雾器和手动喷雾器授粉方式。     

Evaluation of the Francome MkII exhaust nozzle sprayer to apply oil-based formulations of Metarhizium flavoviride for locust control

Conidia of the fungus Metarhizium flavoviride were formulated in a paraffinic oil, ‘Shellsol’ T, and sprayed using the Francome MkII exhaust nozzle sprayer. Germination of the conidia collected from the spray was reduced by 30% as compared to unsprayed conidia. However, in bioassays, there was no detectable difference in virulence with conidia collected from the spray samples and unsprayed formulation. This indicated that, despite the recorded reduction in the concentration of active conidia, the efficacy of the formulation remained unchanged after passing through the exhaust nozzle sprayer. The droplet size spectra produced by the sprayer were investigated using the Malvern series 2600cc particle size analyser. The optimum droplets for locust control produced by this sprayer were generated by the number 1 nozzle (internal diameter 2·5 mm) with the number 1 restrictor ring (internal diameter 12.5 mm) sprayed at a pressure of 0·2 bar. The droplets thus produced had a volume median diameter of 58 μm when the nozzle protruded between 1 and 2 mm above the level of the restrictor ring. Of the droplets in the spray plume created by these conditions, 33% were between 50 and 100 μm, a range recommended as an achievable optimum for the ultra-low-volume application of Metarhizium flavoviride. The role of the exhaust nozzle sprayer as a tool for the application of M. flavoviride for locust control is discussed with reference to other vehicle-mounted ultra-low-volume sprayers. © 1997 SCI