甘露糖修饰的壳聚糖聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物纳米微球作为口蹄疫病毒核酸疫苗递送载体的特性评价

旨在对制备的甘露糖修饰的壳聚糖聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物[poly （D，L-lactide-co-glycolide），PLGA]纳米微球作为口蹄疫病毒（foot-and-mouth disease virus，FMDV）核酸疫苗递送载体进行评价。采用西佛碱反应和元素分析制备具有一定取代度的甘露糖修饰的壳聚糖衍生物（mannose modified chitosan，MCS），然后，经双重乳化挥发法制备得到甘露糖修饰的壳聚糖PLGA纳米微球（MCS-PLGA-NPs）。采用纳米粒径仪检测MCS-PLGA-NPs粒径分布和表面电势（zeta）、扫描电镜考察其形态、琼脂糖凝胶电泳观察其对质粒的吸附和吸附质粒后抵抗核酸酶降解能力、CCK-8法检测MCS-PLGA-NPs的细胞毒性、激光共聚焦观察巨噬细胞对MCS-PLGA-NPs-质粒DNA复合物的摄取、荧光显微镜和Western blot验证MCS-PLGA-NPs加载质粒DNA在细胞中的表达。元素分析结果表明，成功制备了取代度为5%~10%的MCS。纳米粒径测定和扫描电镜结果表明，MCS-PLGA-NPs的zeta为正值、粒径分布均匀且形态规则呈球形。琼脂糖凝胶电泳结果显示，MCS-PLGA-NPs吸附质粒的能力随着其质量的增加而增强并且可以在一定程度上抵抗核酸酶降解质粒DNA。在细胞毒性试验中，不同浓度的MCS-PLGA-NPs与RAW264.7细胞共孵育24 h后，细胞存活率仍在85%以上。在细胞摄取试验中，用激光共聚焦显微镜可以明显观察到质粒DNA结合到纳米微球表面被RAW264.7细胞摄取。荧光显微镜和Western blot试验证明MCS-PLGA-NPs加载质粒DNA可以在细胞中进行表达。综上表明，本研究成功制备了MCS以及具有递送核酸疫苗能力的MCS-PLGA-NPs，为FMDV核酸疫苗的递送研究提供了新的方向和见解，也为该递送载体携带特定抗原靶向抗原递呈细胞表面甘露糖受体以及应用于动物免疫的研究奠定基础。     

Preparation of Alginate-Based Biomaterials and Their Applications in Biomedicine

Alginates are naturally occurring polysaccharides extracted from brown marine algae and bacteria. Being biocompatible, biodegradable, non-toxic and easy to gel, alginates can be processed into various forms, such as hydrogels, microspheres, fibers and sponges, and have been widely applied in biomedical field. The present review provides an overview of the properties and processing methods of alginates, as well as their applications in wound healing, tissue repair and drug delivery in recent years.     

Marketing mix for the promotion of biological control among small-scale paddy farmers

Understanding farmers’ decision process on the adoption of biological control (BC) may help in promoting adoption. This study explored for the first time the impact of marketing mix elements (product, price, promotion, and place) on bolstering BC for the management of rice stem borer (Chilo suppressalis Walker) among rice farmers in Fuman County in northern Iran. Farmers using BC were familiar with this method primarily via village councils and rural municipality organizations (Dehyaris) and then via distributors of trichocards. Almost half of the farmers (48.3%) had weak to moderate level of contact with distributors of trichocards. All four elements (4Ps) of marketing mix (product, place, price, and promotion) were effective on the marketing of BC agents. Place (distribution) mix, followed by price mix, were the most important factors in marketing trichocards in farmers’ views. According to the sensitivity to 4Ps of marketing mix, most farmers were grouped as semi-sensitive (45.6%) and sensitive (39.4%). Overall, the availability of biological agent products in the market, the affordable price of the products, and the strong relationship of rural people with village councils and rural municipality organizations (Dehyaris) are crucial factors for BC promotion in paddy fields of Fuman.     

不同压出室下叶轮切割对离心泵性能影响

为研究2种不同压出室下叶轮切割对离心泵性能的影响,以及单级单个叶轮切割与多级下单个叶轮切割的差异,基于N-S方程、标准k-ε湍流模型和SIMPLE算法对MD-280-43×6型多级离心清水泵进行三维数值模拟.计算结果表明:以单级单个叶轮为切割目标时,随着切割量增大,螺旋形压出室的水力效率变化趋势比径向导叶式压出室的变化趋势更为明显,压水室水力损失每叶轮2%切割量,损失平均增长分别为0.360,0.193 m,2种压出室内部动压分布及对叶轮所产生径向力的变化趋势有明显差异;以多级下单个叶轮切割与单级单个叶轮切割的对比为目标时,对于径向导叶式压出室离心泵和螺旋形压出室离心泵,其水力效率、扬程、内部湍动能分布与各种单级单个模型平均偏差分别为1.644%,0.279%,2.090 m,1.573 m,1.302 J/kg,1.548 J/kg;不同压出室下叶轮切割特性的研究,应考虑压出室所带来的差异;多级泵叶轮切割特性研究时,应尽量回归多级环境进行研究.     

Preliminary modelling of sediment production and delivery in the Xihanshui River basin, Gansu, China

This paper outlines an analysis of the spatial distribution of sediment production, delivery and yield in the Xihanshui River basin, South Gansu, China, using the modelling tools of SedNet (Prosser et al., 2001). This model can assess the delivery efficiency to downstream locations, as well as identifying locations with high rates of sediment production. Preliminary model experiments assist understanding of the spatial dynamics of these sediment processes and evaluation of the effectiveness of soil conservation practices since the mid-1980s. Three scenario years (dry, average and wet) from the 1983–2005 record are identified and modelled, and land use and management are represented in the model to reflect known changes since the 1980s. Results show hillslope erosion to be a dominant source of sediment supply, causing the latter to decrease ten-fold between 1984 and 1997/2000. Estimated bank erosion and floodplain deposition rates are sensitive to parameter values, but bank erosion appears less sensitive than hillslope supply to rainfall. The model can be used to assess net changes in floodplain storage; for default parameters, floodplain deposition rates are 25–200 times the rates of bank erosion depending on the climate scenario. Comparing simulation results with measured sediment yields at the three gauging stations indicates encouraging agreement in 2000. In 1984 (the wet year), the model under-predicts, suggesting that additional unmodelled sediment production processes, especially mass movement and gully erosion, may be important in wet years. Mass movement inventory data could close the gap between the high yields measured in the wet scenario year and the estimated yield due to hillslope erosion alone. In 1997 (the dry year), the model over-predicts; this suggests that the land use change parameters required to reflect the effects of conservation may not have been sufficient, implying that conservation has been generally effective, and that evidence of declining sediment yield is not simply a reflection of drier conditions.     

Energy delivery model for implanted devices

FEMlab3.3(Finite Element Model Lab) is used to develop an energy delivery model for implanted devices. We designed three different shape electrodes made of Ag to enhance current transmitting efficiency. Several voltages were used for pursuing perfect goal. With the body safety current, we can get the results with a current transmitting efficiency of 20% and the energy delivery efficiency of 4%~9%. It is clear that the high energy delivery efficiency can be obtained and the results provide references for further study of energy delivery through body conduction.     

模糊综合评价下的鲜活农产品配送绩效评价

由于鲜活农产品不同于其它产品,因此对其绩效评价也就有别于其它产品,文章通过构建三级指标体系,应用模糊综合评价方法,结合群组层次制定各因素权重设计了一套关于农产品配送绩效评价的模型。通过对案例结果客观分析,为物流中心鲜活农产配送提供了改进思路和方法。     

需求可拆分的车辆路径问题的分段求解

将需求可拆分的车辆路径问题分成两阶段求解,针对单车场、单车型、无时间窗要求、纯装货或纯卸货情况,分别设计了先分组后路径及先路径后分组算法求解．通过实验表明,在成本上,先分组后路径求得的解好于先路径后分组求得的解,且比现有蚁群算法和禁忌搜索算法求得的成本更低,但先路径后分组的方法可以避免一个点的需求被拆分成两次以上满足,求解速度也更快．     

淤地坝赋存信息在流域侵蚀产沙研究中的应用

黄土高原淤地坝在拦蓄大量泥沙的同时,也赋存了大量环境变化信息。该文从淤地坝赋存信息在小流域侵蚀产沙速率、泥沙来源和泥沙输移比研究方面的作用进行了归纳和总结,分析了目前研究中存在的问题,提出了今后研究的发展方向,以期能为更好地利用这些赋存信息,发挥其在黄土高原土壤侵蚀和环境演变过程研究中的作用提供参考。