基于LU-SWAT模型的土地利用/覆被变化对水文过程的影响研究——以黑河上游为例

【目的】揭示内陆河流域集水区土地利用/覆被变化对水文过程的影响及其成因。【方法】基于能够逐年调用土地利用/覆被数据的LU-SWAT模型,并结合控制变量法研究了黑河流域集水区黑河上游1990—2009年土地利用/覆被变化对地表径流、侧向流、蒸散发量、地下径流以及总产水量的影响。【结果】LU-SWAT模型对于黑河上游月、年出山径流模拟结果较好,其月径流模拟的纳什系数为0.93,相关性系数为0.94;其年径流模拟的纳什系数为0.83,相关性系数为0.86。此外,其对各个水文要素的模拟结果符合西北干旱区内陆河流域集水区的水文特征;1990—2001年黑河上游土地利用变化主要表现在林地的减少,而2002—2009年土地利用的变化除了林地和草地的增加之外,还表现在裸地的大面积减少;1990—2001年黑河上游地表径流、侧向流、蒸散发量以及总产水量都呈现增加趋势,而地下径流呈减少趋势,2002—2009年流域地表径流、侧向流、蒸散发量以及总产水量减少,而地下径流量增加。在黑河上游,干旱条件下各水文要素对于土地利用覆被变化的响应更明显。【结论】1990—2001年林地的减少可能是流域地表径流、侧向流、蒸散发量以及总产水量都呈现增加趋势而地下径流呈减少趋势的主要原因。2002—2009年裸地的大面积减少可能是流域地表径流、侧向流、蒸散发量以及总产水量减少而地下径流量增加的主要原因。     

Soil distribution in valleys according to stream order

While much research has been done on predicting the occurrence of waterlogged soils in small catchments, we need to improve our knowledge of the extension of these soils in large catchments. The aim of this study is to analyse the extent of soils with redoximorphic features in the valley bottomland domain as a function of the stream order.This study concerns a 10,000 km² catchment (River Vilaine, Armorican massif, north-western France) where valley bottomland soils commonly associated with hydromorphic characteristics cover up to 20% of the basin area. To describe the catchment organisation, we used the stream order classification of Strahler to test the behaviour of the topographic index in a large range of landscape morphological settings. Two methods were used to define the extent of the hydromorphic zone (HZ) in each valley bottomland according to stream order: (i) A field study based on mapping the HZ according to the occurrence of redoximorphic features along 60 transects; (ii) a modelling approach linking a DEM-derived topographic index to the digitized stream network of the River Vilaine.In view of the topographic factors, progressive valley widening may represent an enhancing factor of HZ extent. Thus, simple topographic index modelling predicts an increase in waterlogging in high-order channel settings (orders 6–7). By contrast, field mapping suggests that HZ extent remains stable with increasing order and decreases significantly for high-order settings (orders 6–7). Therefore, topographic index modelling appears effective in upper catchment settings (1st, 2nd and 3rd order). On the contrary, modelling efficiency is limited in high-order settings where the indices prove to be inappropriate: in such contexts, interactions between adjacent hillslope and HZ are of secondary importance. Along the longitudinal profile of the catchment, soil material near the streams shifts from having a colluvial origin in low-order to an alluvial origin in high-order settings. In high-order settings, the fine-scale valley bottomland topography and the spatial organisation of deposits control waterlogging duration and possibly play a major role in HZ extent. Finally, the integration of stream order data should considerably improve the efficiency of modelling the spatial distribution of soils over large catchments.     

淮河流域农业用地下水质量评价

随着社会经济的发展,农业灌溉用水受到严重污染,作为全国主要商品量生产基地的淮河流域,地下水在农业灌溉中的比重日益增大.在此以国土资源大调查项目为依托,对淮河流域浅层地下水进行了水质评价,计算出了适宜灌溉和不适宜灌溉的地下水面积比例.结果表明,埋深小于20 m浅层地下水中有85.55％比例适宜灌溉,埋深20 ～50 m地下水中有83.34％适宜灌溉.     

Application of catchment scale sediment delivery model INCA-Sed to four small study catchments in Finland

The novel catchment scale erosion and sediment delivery model INCA-Sed was applied to four small study catchments in Finland. Three of these, the Mustajoki, Haarajoki and Luhdanjoki, are headwater catchments located in central Finland. The associated rivers have differing morphological characteristics varying from a ditch to a small river. Soil textures in the area are derived from moraine deposits and are largely sand and gravel. The Mustajoki and Haarajoki catchments are forested and only 10% of the area is under cultivation. In the Luhdanjoki catchment agricultural fields cover 40% of the area. The fourth study site, the Savijoki catchment, represents an intensively cultivated area in south-western Finland. Cultivated fields cover 40% of the catchment area, and they are located on clay soils along the river. The INCA-Sed model was able to capture both the correct magnitude and seasonal behaviour of suspended sediment concentrations in the rivers, as well as the correct magnitude of the sediment load derived from different land use classes. Small differences in river morphology and soil textures between the catchments have a significant influence on suspended sediment concentration in the rivers. Correct timing of suspended sediment concentration peaks is not, however, captured by the INCA-Sed model, which may be due to the stochastic nature of erosion and delivery processes at the catchment scale which are not taken into account in the parameter values used in the modelling. Parameter values were estimated from previous researches based on average process loads. The INCA-Sed model was, however, generally found to be a suitable tool for evaluating effects of land use change on erosion and sediment delivery in Finland as it correctly reproduces spatial and seasonal variations in sediment delivery, in addition to annual averages with spatial and temporal variations.     

密云水库集水区基于LUCC的生态服务价值动态演变

为实现土地利用/覆被变化的生态可持续发展,以生态服务价值当量为基础,利用4期土地利用数据和马尔科夫模型对密云水库集水区生态服务价值动态变化进行了评估。结果表明：该区4期（1972－2008年）各土地利用类型间整体演变方式由复杂到简单,强度由强到弱,均逐渐向林地转化。1987、2000、2008年及验证并预测的2020年生态服务总价值较1972年分别增加1.9%、14.4%、18.9%和18.6%。林地占总价值比例最高,达65%以上;水文调节、维持生物多样性和保持土壤3项生态服务价值占总价值的50%左右。前3个时段内影响生态服务价值变化的主导因子为林地,预测2008－2020年间将为草地。     

STUDY ON AFFORESTATION TECHNIQUE OF DROUGHT RESISTANCE BY RUNOFF CATCHMENT

<正> The catchment of runoff which improves the moisture content condition in tree holes isof great improtance to the development of the afforestation in arid and semi-arid regions.The crux of this technique is the soil water content which influnences the survial rates,     

Invasive alien trees and water resources in South Africa: case studies of the costs and benefits of management

Invasive alien plants are consumptive water-users, and may have reduced river flows in South Africa by about 6.7% according to a broad-scale study. An effective programme to bring the invasions under control would cost about US$ 92 million per year for the next 20 years. This paper reports on studies of four representative catchments (the Sonderend, Keurbooms, Upper Wilge and Sabie-Sand) to assess the impacts and costs of invasions at a scale that is more relevant to managers. Several alien plant species have invaded the catchments. Non-riverine invasions are mainly Pinus and Hakea species in Sonderend and Keurbooms, eucalypts in the Upper Wilge, and pines and scramblers (e.g. Lantana camara) in the Sabie-Sand catchment. Riverine invasions are dominated by Acacia mearnsii and, to a lesser extent, A. dealbata, except in the Sabie-Sand and the lower Sonderend River where Eucalyptus species are important. About 44% of the Sonderend, 54% of the Keurbooms, 2% of the Upper Wilge and 23% of the Sabie-Sand catchments has been invaded to some degree. The corresponding reductions in the natural river flows attributed to these invasions are about 7.2, 22.1, 6.0 and 9.4%. If the invasions are not controlled they could potentially spread, and occupy 51, 77, 70%, respectively, of the first three catchments. At an annual expansion rate of 10–15% this would take about 13, 26 and 63 years, respectively. The invadable areas in the Sabie-Sand catchment are already invaded so invasions will only increase in density. It would take about 26–30 years to reach 100% canopy cover. The projected flow reductions for the four catchments would increase to 41.5, 95.5, 25.1 and 22.3%, respectively. The estimated cost of the control programmes to prevent these losses would be about US$ 13.2, 9.9, 4.1 and 6.6 million for the Sonderend, Keurbooms, Upper Wilge and Sabie-Sand catchments, respectively. Should the catchments be allowed to become fully invaded before control operations were started, then the costs would rise to US$ 86.5, 20.5, 278.0 and 11.1 million, respectively. The impacts and costs are significant and are comparable with those calculated independently for other South African catchments. Water is acknowledged to be a key constraint to economic growth in South Africa and there is considerable pressure for efficient and sustainable use of the limited water resources. The projected impacts would justify control programmes aimed at clearing alien invaders for water conservation.     

Factors affecting runoff and soil erosion: plot-level soil loss monitoring for assessing sustainability of forest management

The assessment on key ecological factors affecting runoff and soil erosion and the usefulness of plot-level monitoring of soil erosion was conducted by collecting runoff and soil loss records from 14 runoff plots. The runoff plots were set up in two catchments in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, where conventional logging and Reduced Impact Logging (RIL) took place. Runoff plots were set up in forest areas with different levels of logging disturbances, i.e. harvesting areas (four plots), skid trails (six plots), and undisturbed/control areas (four plots). The magnitude of runoff and soil loss from skid trail plots were found to be the highest, followed by control plots and harvest plots. Canopy cover, sapling density, litter depth and woody debris appeared to be important ecological factors that determine the magnitude of soil loss. Tree canopy determines the size and erosive power of the raindrops. Sapling, litter layer, and woody debris protected soil surface, thus preventing soil detachment, and provided surface roughness that minimised soil particle movement down the slope. The roles of these ecological factors were less significant compared to rainfall in determining the magnitude of runoff.

Canopy cover, sapling density, litter depth and woody debris can be measured quantitatively or qualitatively without complicated equipment and methods. Furthermore, they are sensitive to logging disturbance which make them suitable verifiers of soil erosion. Forest managers need to limit disturbance to these factors in order to minimise soil erosion in their logging operation areas. Monitoring of soil loss using runoff plots was cost-effective and provided valuable information about soil erosion risks caused by logging operations. Runoff plots clearly demonstrated site disturbances where the plots are located. Monitoring allowed more direct linkages to be made between management practices and their impacts on runoff and soil erosion, thereby enabling forest managers to identify problems and take appropriate preventive measures to improve their management practices.     

Spatial and temporal assessment of linear erosion in catchments under sloping lands of northern Laos

Linear erosion (LE), including rilling and gullying, has been identified as the major problem for sustainable agriculture in steepland areas. It causes severe environmental, economic, and social impacts. This issue is even more crucial in those areas undergoing rapid changes in land use, as for example northern Laos, and may dramatically affect soil conservation. Despite an increasing interest in the sloping lands of tropical areas, field evaluations of LE are still infrequent. Furthermore, the controlling environmental factors of topography, land use, climate and soils at the catchment level are seldom analysed. Our main objective was to quantify the spatial and temporal variations of LE at the catchment level and at a yearly basis. The study was conducted in a 0.62 km² watershed of Laos (Luang Prabang province) representative of the slash and burn systems of sloping lands. Linear erosion was monitored from 2001 to 2003 within 9 sub-catchments of differing surface areas, topographic characteristics and land use. The length, depth and width of the linear erosion features were recorded every 5-m from their headcuts to their outlets in order to estimate the total catchment LE. 52 linear features, mainly rills, were formed or developed within the study area with a mean erosion rate of 1.3 Mg ha^{− 1} y^{− 1}. LE rates ranged between 0.1 Mg ha^{− 1} y^{− 1} in 2003 to 2.4 Mg ha^{− 1} y^{− 1} in 2001. LE features mostly occurred within croplands where erosion rates reached 18 Mg ha^{− 1} y^{− 1}. In 2001 and 2002 there was a significant correlation between LE and the proportion of the catchment area under crops (r = 0.88 and r = 0.69, respectively). However this was not the case in 2003 when few rills developed. In 2002 only, LE correlated well with the catchment surface area, the mean slope gradient and the sub-catchment perimeter confirming the non-constancy of LE landscape relation under varying rainstorm conditions. A linear regression model for LE prediction at the catchment level, generated from 2001 data, was able to explain 78% of LE variance for the 9 sub-catchments. However, this model was unable to predict accurately LE for 2002 and 2003 (ME > 5 Mg ha^{− 1} y^{− 1}). This method for quantifying the linear erosion at the catchment level and some of its controlling factors can also be used for prediction over larger areas since topography and land use data, closely correlated with LE, are easily accessible.     

Analysis of gully dimensions and sediment texture from southeast Australia for catchment sediment budgeting

Catchment scale sediment budgeting models are increasingly being used to target remediation works aimed at controlling erosion and improving water quality. Gully erosion is often a major sediment source and needs to be accounted for in such models in a manner consistent with the scale of analysis and available data. Using 130 measurements of gully cross-sectional area and 45 measurements of gully wall sediment texture, the variability in gully dimensions and particle size distribution for the Lake Burragorang catchment in Australia is examined. The distribution of gully cross-sectional area measurements is log-normally distributed and modelling indicates a representative value of 23 m² be used in catchment sediment budgeting applications. The proportion of gully eroded sediment contributing to the bedload budget (defined as particles > 63 μm diameter) of a river link is approximately half, though may be higher in igneous landscapes. A continental scale spatially distributed subsoil texture dataset provided limited capacity to predict the finer scale spatial variation in the proportion of sediment contributing to bedload from gully erosion within the Lake Burragorang catchment.