Nitrate leaching as influenced by soil tillage and catch crop

Because of public and political concern for the quality of surface and ground water, leaching of nitrate is of special concern in many countries. To evaluate the effects of tillage and growth of a catch crop on nitrate leaching, two field trials were conducted in spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) under temperate coastal climate conditions. On a coarse sand (1987–1992), ploughing in autumn or in spring in combination with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) as a catch crop was evaluated. Furthermore, rotovating and direct drilling were included. The experiment was conducted on a 19-year-old field trial with continuous production of spring barley. On a sandy loam (1988–1992), ploughing in autumn or in spring in combination with stubble cultivation and perennial ryegrass, in addition to minimum tillage, was evaluated in a newly established field trial. For calculation of nitrate leaching, soil water isolates from depths of 0.8 or 1.0 m were taken using ceramic cups. No significant effect of tillage was found on the coarse sand; however, a significant effect of tillage was found on the sandy loam, where leaching from autumn ploughed plots without stubble cultivation was 16 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ higher than leaching from spring ploughed plots. Leaching was significantly less when stubble cultivation in autumn was omitted. Leaching on both soil types was significantly reduced by the growth of a catch crop which was ploughed under in autumn or in spring. It was concluded that soil cultivation increased leaching on the sandy loam but not on the coarse sand, and that the growth of perennial ryegrass as a catch crop reduced leaching on both soil types, particularly when ryegrass was ploughed under in spring.     

Individual transferable quotas and ecosystem‐based fisheries management: it’s all in the T

Recent articles in high‐profile journals advocating the widespread establishment of economic rights‐based approaches for managing fisheries has re‐kindled the debate over the efficacy of incentive‐based vs. regulatory‐based management approaches. Inspection of these works, written from the particular perspectives of economics, fisheries biology, or marine ecology, reveals that advocates of rights‐based regimes such as Individual Transferrable Quotas are sometimes recommending these policy instruments for quite different reasons. Hence, the advantageous attributes of rights‐based approaches from the perspective of one discipline may be quite different when seen from the perspective of another discipline. This is of concern as it exposes a tendency for particular disciplines to consider only the advantages of rights‐based approaches, such as establishing a harvest cap, but to implicitly discount the disadvantages such as less attention being paid to critical ecological and ecosystem issues.     

A comparative study of three different methods for assessing fish communities in a small eutrophic lake

Sound decisions on the management of fish stocks depend on knowledge about the species composition, number, biomass and size structure of existing populations. Accordingly, the ability to make solid population estimates is essential. In this study, a 2.15 ha lake was completely drained and the total number of fish was recorded and amounted to 180,915 individuals divided into seven species having a total weight of 1,395 kg. Before the draining, three commonly used methods in fish surveys were applied: multi‐mesh gillnets, point abundance sampling by electrofishing (PASE) and mark–recapture. Following the determination of the actual number and size distribution of each species, we evaluated the efficiency of the methods and found that gillnets caught a relatively high number of species (five out of seven) and thus proved to be the best tool for mapping species richness. However, gillnets were size selective towards larger individuals of perch (Perca fluviatilis) and did not catch roach (Rutilus rutilus) <5 cm. In contrast to gillnets, PASE was very effective at catching YOY fish in the shore zone but selected for larger‐sized roach. In sum, gillnetting proved to be the most accurate method for estimating species composition, PASE also being useful. Overall, mark–recapture provided relatively good estimates of population size but small‐sized (<11 cm) roach proved not to be well suited for mark–recapture surveys. We conclude that the best method(s) surveying fish stocks depends on various factors such as target species, size distribution and the purpose of the survey.     

夏季种植甜玉米及秸秆还田对设施番茄土壤微生物区系的影响

以秋冬茬番茄为研究对象,应用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)谱图分析测定技术,比较夏季休闲模式和种植甜玉米并秸秆还田模式对土壤微生物区系的影响。结果表明:与休闲处理相比,种植填闲玉米并秸秆还田对设施番茄土壤微生物有较好的改善效果,尤其在秋冬茬设施番茄初花期填闲处理土壤微生物总PLFAs含量、真菌和细菌PLFAs含量分别比休闲处理增加18.2%、17.9%和23.6%,差异达显著水平,坐果期土壤微生物群落多样性指数达到2.07,比休闲处理增加99.04%。     

填闲小麦、石灰氮消毒和秸秆反应堆对日光温室黄瓜生长及根区土壤酶活性的影响

采用田间试验,在夏季休闲期（7～8 月）分别进行填闲小麦、石灰氮消毒和秸秆反应堆处理,研究了不同填闲处
理对连作6 a 和8 a 的温室黄瓜生长、产量及根区土壤的脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性的影响。结果表明,
与常规休闲对照相比,各处理对黄瓜生长均起到了一定的促进作用,填闲小麦和石灰氮消毒处理的效果更明显。填闲小麦能
够显著提高根区土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性,石灰氮消毒和秸秆反应堆处理对土壤蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性有促进
作用,而对土壤脲酶和碱性磷酸酶活性则有抑制作用。夏季休闲季种植小麦在促进土壤酶活性、提高土壤肥力方面操作方便
且效果较好。     

中西太平洋延绳钓兼捕大青鲨渔获率、性比及叉长分析研究

大青鲨(Prionace glauca)是一种分布广泛的大型中上层远洋性鲨鱼,在以金枪鱼等经济鱼种为目标的延绳钓渔业中渔获率较高。根据中国远洋延绳钓渔船2015—2018年在中西太平洋(Western Central Pacific Ocean,WCPO)海域共51个航次采集的兼捕大青鲨数据,分析了该海域兼捕到的大青鲨渔获率、性别及叉长(Fork length,FL)特征。结果显示,大青鲨兼捕的捕捞努力量渔获量(Catch per unit effort,CPUE)在170°30'E—124°50'W、33°30'N—34°40'S范围内分布较高;2015—2018年间大青鲨兼捕CPUE波动较大,以2017年最高,兼捕CPUE与月份之间无显著性差异(P>0.05);大青鲨的雌、雄个体分布范围基本一致,优势叉长区间均为160~220 cm,各自所占比例为89.26%和85.19%,雌、雄个体的叉长分布存在显著性差异(P<0.05),雌雄比例为1.75。     

新型环保渔网防污剂的研究

2007年-2010年期间东海水产研究所与宜兴市燎原化工有限公司联合开展了新型环保渔网防污剂的研究。研究结果表明,(1)由复配纯丙树脂制作的19号成膜剂性价比好,它可作为新型环保渔网防污剂的成膜剂;(2)吡啶硫酮铜的抑杀细菌、霉菌和藻类的效果良好,其可作为新型环保渔网防污剂的主要防污药物;(3)新型环保渔网防污剂在黄海深水网箱养殖基地实地挂片试验、网箱养殖试验和扇贝养殖试验具有较好的防污功能,其在黄海区水产养殖生产中推广应用上具有经济可行性。结论可供渔网防污剂选配或研发时参考。     

Assessment of selenium mineralization and availability from catch crops

Selenium (Se) release from four plant species (Indian mustard, fodder radish, Italian ryegrass and hairy vetch) was measured under controlled leaching conditions and in a pot incubation experiment as part of a study of the potential for using these plant species as Se catch crops. Catch crops may reduce Se leaching and, by subsequent release of Se from the plant material, increase the available Se for succeeding crops. Plants grown both without and with Se addition (250 g Se/ha) were tested. In the leaching experiment, frozen plant material was incorporated into soil columns and incubated at room temperature for up to 19 weeks. The results showed that Se concentrations in the leachate were higher when Se‐enriched plant material was incorporated in the soil, indicating Se mineralization. When non‐enriched plant material was added to the soil, Se concentrations in the leachate were generally lower than that in the control, indicating Se immobilization. In the pot incubation experiment, the results were consistent with those from the leaching experiment. The addition of enriched plant material increased Se concentration in Indian mustard plants compared with unamended soil. However, the addition of plant materials grown without Se significantly decreased Se concentrations in plant dry matter, again indicating Se immobilization. Fertilizer application with inorganic Se as selenate did not affect Se concentrations either in the leachates or in the plants grown in the pot incubation. Thus, the results show the potential of catch crops to increase Se mineralization and uptake in succeeding crops.     

Efficiency of capture of tench, Tinca tinca L. by trammel nets of monofilament and multifilament net twine combinations

Efficiencies of different trammel net types on capture of tench, Tinca tinca L. were investigated in Lake Beyşehir in Turkey between April 1998 and August 1999. Nets with an inner wall of monofilament and outer walls of multifilament (type A) were more efficient than the other net types (type B, monofilament inner and outer walls; type C, multifilament inner wall and monofilament outer walls; and D, multifilament inner and outer walls). Type A nets were 2.08, 1.79 and 1.08 times more effective than the types D, C and B for catching tench. Monofilament inner walls of trammel nets were on average 1.85 times more effective than multifilament inner walls. No significant difference in catching efficiency of monofilament and multifilament outer walls was found ( P >0.05). The average size of tench caught in monofilament trammel nets was higher than those caught in multifilament trammel nets, although not significantly different.     

Trawl catch composition in relation to Norway lobster (Nephrops norvegicus L.) abundance on the Farn Deeps grounds, NE England

Management of fisheries directed at a particular species (the target) is often complicated by the capture of other species (the bycatch), each of which may be subject to competing management objectives. Optimal management depends upon a good understanding of how catches of the target species vary in relation to bycatch of other species of commercial and conservation concern. This paper considers the composition of trawl catches taken on a Norway lobster (Nephrops norvegicus) ground off the NE coast of England, examining the factors that determine catch rates of Nephrops and various commercial finfish species taken as bycatch. We describe the results of a trawl survey undertaken using four commercial vessels deploying standard commercial gear. Only about 19% of the variance in Nephrops catch rates could be accounted for by variations in local density, as measured independently by underwater television survey of Nephrops burrows. Variations in Nephrops catch rates were dominated by changes over time, particularly in relation to tidal state. Five commercial bycatch species were taken alongside Nephrops in significant quantities. Catch rates of haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus), whiting (Merlangius merlangus) and lemon sole (Microstomus kitt) varied independently of Nephrops, whereas catches of cod (Gadus morhua) and plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) were inversely related to Nephrops. We conclude that it is possible for the commercial Nephrops fishery to use spatial and temporal targeting to maximise catches of N. norvegicus whilst minimising the bycatch of some fish species. If catch statistics are used to identify Nephrops-directed fishing métiers for fishery management purposes it is vital that data are examined at the level of individual hauls or fishing trips. Aggregation of data at a higher level risks obscuring the effectiveness with which the fishery is targeted at Nephrops.