浙江北部岛礁周围海域鱼类优势种及其种间关系的初步研究

本文用定量张网渔获物组成资料，研究了浙江北部岛礁周围海域鱼类的群聚生态学。着重分析了优势种的区域及逐月和年间变化，以及优势种时空分布上的关系，还对鱼类群聚的食物关系进行了探讨。     

东、黄海鲐鯵鱼渔场与海洋环境关系的研究

根据2000～2004年7～12月东、黄海鲐碜鱼生产统计以及表层温度和盐度数据，利用地理信息系统软件和数理统计方法，对鲐碜鱼产量分布及作业渔场与表层温度、盐度的关系进行分析。结果表明，鲐碜鱼高产（20000区域主要在122～125°E、26～28°N和123～125°E、32～38°N之间的海域。整个渔场的产量分布呈南部和北部高而中部低的态势。南北渔场汛期差异明显，南部渔场高产期集中在8～9月份，北部渔场高产期集中在10～11月份，且北部渔场高产期的产量比南部渔场高出22．7％。鲐碜鱼适温范围为9．5～29．5℃，最适范围为28．5～29．5℃；适盐范围为30．9～34．4，最适范围为32．8～34．2。经非参数统计K—S检验结果是可信的。     

Interactions between soil organic matter level and soil tillage in a growing crop: N mineralization and yield response

Four levels of soil organic matter (SOM) had been established on a coarse sandy loam after application of four combinations of mineral fertilizer, animal manure, straw incorporation and catch crops for 12 years. Soil tillage was carried out in a growing spring barley crop (Hordeum vulgare) to examine the potential for improving the synchrony between soil N mineralization and crop N demand. Tillage raised soil nitrate concentrations temporarily but did not influence barley dry matter (DM) yield. At maturity, both grain DM yield and N uptake were largest on soil with the highest OM level. The previous OM applications had a pronounced influence on crop development and N availability, but soil tillage did not significantly improve the synchrony between soil N mineralization and crop N demand.     

The value of catch crops and organic manures for spring barley in organic arable farming

The effect of nitrogen (N) supply and weeds on grain yield of spring barley was investigated from 1997 to 2004 in an organic farming crop rotation experiment in Denmark on three different soil types varying from coarse sand to sandy loam. Two experimental factors were included in the experiment in a factorial design: (1) catch crop (with and without), and (2) manure (with and without). The crop rotation included grass-clover as a green manure crop. Animal manure was applied as slurry in rates corresponding to 40% of the N demand of the cereal crops.

Application of 50 kg NH₄-N ha⁻¹ in manure (slurry) increased average barley grain DM yield by 1.0–1.3 Mg DM ha⁻¹, whereas the use of catch crops (primarily perennial ryegrass) increased grain DM yield by 0.2–0.4 Mg DM ha⁻¹ with the smallest effect on the loamy sand and sandy loam soils and the greatest effect on the coarse sandy soil. Model estimations showed that the average yield reduction from weeds varied from 0.2 to 0.4 Mg DM ha⁻¹ depending on weed species and density. The yield effects of N supply were more predictable and less variable than the effects of weed infestation. The infestation level of leaf diseases was low and not a significant source of yield variation.

The apparent recovery efficiency of N in grains (N use efficiency, NUE) from NH₄-N in applied manure varied from 29 to 38%. The NUE of above-ground N in catch crops sampled in November prior to the spring barley varied from 16 to 52% with the largest value on the coarse sandy soil and the smallest value on the sandy loam soil. A comparison of grain yield levels obtained at the different locations with changes in soil organic matter indicated a NUE of 21–26% for soil N mineralisation, which is smaller than that for the mineral N applied in manure. However, this estimate is uncertain and further studies are needed to quantify differences in NUE from various sources of N.

The proportion of perennial weeds in total biomass increased during the experiment, particularly in treatments without manure application. The results show that manure application is a key factor in maintaining good crop yields in arable organic farming on sandy soils, and in securing crops that are sufficiently competitive against perennial weeds.     

Density and population size estimates for North Cascade grizzly bears using DNA hair-sampling techniques

We used non-invasive DNA hair-sampling and catch per unit effort (CPUE: grizzly bears detected per 1000 trap nights) to estimate relative density and population size for a threatened grizzly bear population in the North Cascade Ecosystem of Washington and British Columbia. We used linear, logistic, and linear through the origin regression analyses to estimate the relationship between catch per unit effort and grizzly bear density for seven other grizzly populations. One grizzly bear was detected during 5304 trap nights (CPUE=0.19) over 3 years in the North Cascades. This CPUE was much lower than in the other seven populations, including two threatened grizzly populations in the Cabinet-Yaak and Selkirk Mountain Ecosystems. The logistic model (curvilinear relationship) best fit the data (R²=0.927), and yielded density and population size estimates of 0.15 bears/100 km² (90% CI=0.03-0.71) and six bears (90% CI=1-27), respectively. Natural recovery seems unlikely for the North Cascade grizzly bear population because the population has a high likelihood of extinction due to demographic and environmental stochastic effects associated with extremely small population numbers. We recommend population augmentation. DNA hair-sampling and catch per unit effort models can be a useful method to evaluate relative densities and numbers of animals in small, threatened grizzly bear populations when sample sizes are too small to yield traditional mark-recapture analysis.     

西北太平洋灯光围网主要渔获物组成及渔场变动研究

西北太平洋公海灯光围网渔业是中国近年新兴的一种远洋渔业,具有一定开发潜力,掌握灯光围网的渔获物组成及渔场变动情况对于西北太平洋的渔业管理和开发具有一定意义.文章根据2014—2019年西北太平洋公海灯光围网渔业统计资料,对渔获量、单位捕捞努力量渔获量(CPUE)以及主要的渔获物组成进行统计分析,同时采用渔获量重心法和聚...     

Catch performance of coastal squid jigging boats using LED panels in combination with metal halide lamps

Squid attracting light systems consisting of low power light emitting diode panels (LEDs) and conventional metal halide lamps (MHs) were tested to describe the influence of combinations of LEDs and MHs on squid catch. Fishing trials using LEDs (9 kW) and different numbers of MHs were carried out in August and September 2009 targeting two squid species: (1) Japanese common squid Todarodes pacificus in northern waters of the Sea of Japan (off Hokkaido) by 4 coastal squid jigging boats (19 gross tonnage) and (2) swordtip squid Photololigo edulis in western waters (off Iki) by 5 boats of the same class. Catches of both species tended to increase with the number of MHs. Generalized Linear Model analysis revealed that in addition to the number of MHs, the catch amount was influenced by fishing power (ability) of boat and by the monthly variation of squid abundance (only for P. edulis off Iki). The expected catch (number of boxes) was not proportional to the number of MHs. The largest catch was expected for P. edulis off Iki by using LEDs with 24 MHs. The optimal combination of LEDs and MHs for T. pacificus off Hokkaido was less clear because the combination with 36 MHs had the largest positive effect on the catch; this was the maximum number MHs used.     

海南稻菜轮作休闲期适宜填闲作物初筛

国内外研究表明休闲期种植填闲作物可减少土壤氮淋洗损失,提高氮素循环利用,而填闲作物应具备生物量大、深根、吸氮量大等特点。在海南稻菜轮作休闲期(4～6月)通过田间试验比较研究了10种作物的株高、干物质累积量、吸氮量以及根长密度等。结果表明:高丹草在播后5周时的株高达66.4 cm,显著高于其它作物(9.5～47 cm,多数甚至低于20 cm),因此如果休闲期在5周以内,高丹草适合作为填闲作物。休闲期延长至63 d,田箐、王草、墨西哥玉米草的生物量、吸氮量和20～40 cm根长密度都显著高于其余作物,可作为填闲作物。其中王草一般采用种茎移栽,耗时、耗工,因此田箐和墨西哥玉米草作为填闲作物容易被农民接受。另外田箐吸氮量极显著高于王草和墨西哥玉米草,而且抗旱性和抗涝性都较强,因此在海南稻菜轮作休闲期干湿季交替的气候条件下,田箐更适合作为填闲作物。     

Nitrogen and phosphorus leaching under the potential biennial oilseed plant Lepidium campestre L. in a field trial

Domestication of biennial Lepidium campestre L. offers possibilities for more varied crop rotations in cold regions, with increased crop cover during winter. In the first winter after sowing, L. campestre can reduce nitrogen (N) leaching before harvesting in the second year. In this system no soil tillage is needed during the first year, unlike in systems with annual crops. A three-year leaching study on loam soil in southern Sweden revealed significantly (p?<?0.05) lower flow-weighted mean total nitrogen (TN) concentration in drainage water under L. campestre (5.8 mg TN L^?1) compared with a control treatment (no catch crop and autumn mouldboard ploughing) (9.6 mg TN L^?1). In two years of observations, Lepidium campestre had lower flow-weighted mean TN concentration (6.2 mg L^?1) than a mixed Vicia villosa L. (hairy vetch)/Secale cereale (winter rye) catch crop (10.2 mg L^?1) and rather similar concentration to a Raphanus sativus (oilseed radish) catch crop (5.7 mg TN L^?1), both sown after harvest of the main crop. However, L. campestre appeared to have a negative effect on total phosphorus (TP) leaching, with TP concentration in drainage of 0.05 mg L^?1 compared with 0.01–0.02 mg L^?1 for the other catch crops and the control.     

Beyond Individual Transferrable Quotas: methodologies for integrating ecosystem impacts of fishing into fisheries catch rights

While there has been a growing concern for the adverse ecological impacts of fishing, progress on incorporating these into operational fisheries management has been slow. Many fisheries management organizations have addressed the problem of overharvesting and over‐capitalization first. In this domain, the question of access regulation has gained growing recognition as a key dimension of fisheries sustainability, leading to recommendation and progressive implementation of rights‐based systems, in particular Individual Transferrable Quotas (ITQs). While adjustments in fishing capacity resulting from the implementation of these systems may entail a reduction in some unwanted ecosystem impacts of fishing, it is also recognized that they will not be sufficient to achieve the ecological outcomes increasingly demanded by the global community. There is thus a need to examine the possibilities for a common management framework for dealing with both over‐capitalization of fisheries and adverse ecological effects of fishing. In this paper, we examine the feasibility of incorporating greater ecosystem goods and services into ITQ policy instruments initially designed with a narrow focus on commercial target species. We consider the advantages and limitations of alternative approaches in this respect and identify some of the practical issues associated with the different alternatives, in particular the underpinning knowledge requirements. We argue that given the need for increasingly streamlined management processes, further investigation into practical ways forward in this domain is crucial if management of fisheries is to achieve economic efficiency while fully encompassing the ecologically sustainable development objectives of ecosystem‐based fisheries management.