Non-negligible factors in low-pressure sprinkler irrigation: droplet impact angle and shear stress

Droplet shear stress is considered as an important indicator that reflects soil erosion in sprinkler irrigation more accurately than kinetic energy, and the effect of droplet impact angle on the shear stress cannot be ignored. In this study, radial distribution of droplet impact angles, velocities, and shear stresses were investigated using a two-dimensional video disdrometer with three types of low-pressure sprinkler (Nelson D3000, R3000, and Komet KPT) under two operating pressures (103 and 138 kPa) and three nozzle diameters (3.97, 5.95, and 7.94 mm). Furthermore, the relationships among these characteristical parameters of droplet were analyzed, and their influencing factors were comprehensively evaluated. For various types of sprinkler, operating pressures, and nozzle diameters, the smaller impact angles and larger velocities of droplets were found to occur closer to the sprinkler, resulting in relatively low droplet shear stresses. The increase in distance from the sprinkler caused the droplet impact angle to decrease and velocity to increase, which contributed to a significant increase in the shear stress that reached the peak value at the end of the jet. Therefore, the end of the jet was the most prone to soil erosion in the radial direction, and the soil erosion in sprinkler irrigation could not only be attributed to the droplet kinetic energy, but also needed to be combined with the analysis of its shear stress. Through comparing the radial distributions of average droplet shear stresses among the three types of sprinklers, D3000 exhibited the largest value (26.94-3313.51 N/m²), followed by R3000 (33.34-2650.80 N/m²), and KPT (16.15-2485.69 N/m²). From the perspective of minimizing the risk of soil erosion, KPT sprinkler was more suitable for low-pressure sprinkler irrigation than D3000 and R3000 sprinklers. In addition to selecting the appropriate sprinkler type to reduce the droplet shear stress, a suitable sprinkler spacing could also provide acceptable results, because the distance from the sprinkler exhibited a highly significant (P<0.01) effect on the shear stress. This study results provide a new reference for the design of low-pressure sprinkler irrigation system.     

基于RUSLE模型的长汀县水土流失评估

[目的]为中国南方红壤分布区RUSLE模型的本地化研究提供重要参考,同时为福建省长汀县水土流失防治及解决与此相关的其他问题提供科学的决策依据。[方法]以修正的通用水土流失方程RUSLE(revised universal soil loss equation)为评估基础,以长汀县为试验研究区,在地理信息系统和遥感技术的支持下,通过研究新方法计算降雨侵蚀力因子、参数调校或利用现有方法计算其余因子完成研究区水土流失评估。[结果]得到2013年长汀县水土流失等级分布图。2013年研究区水土流失已大有好转,但仍比较严重,主要为轻度和中度流失,其中河田镇、策武乡、濯田镇、三洲乡是重灾区。[结论]尽量减少不合理的人类活动,有效提高植被覆盖率,是研究区今后水土流失防治的基本措施。     

液压式万能试验机计算机接口设计

通过对液压式万能试验机的改造实验，完成了测试结果计算机显示，解决了原来人工读数精确度差、读数操作不方便的弊端，并重点阐述了其中的计算机信号采集系统。实验包括传感器的设计、模拟量到数字量（A／D）的转化及数字信号的计算机接收和处理等。     

应用球矢量函数对双万向铰链机构传动误差的分析

利用球矢量函数研究了万向铰链机构的输入输出运动，验证了等速传动的条件，得出了传动比和传动比误差的计算公式，利用该公式可精确求出任意轴夹角β和夹角误差△β下的传动比和传动比误差；采用Matlab软件直观地描述了传动误差的变化。研究结果表明，β增大时，传动比误差随之增大；β不变时，传动比误差随△β的增大而增大。利用球矢量函数对空间连杆机构进行运动分析简便、实用。本方法和结论可供工程技术人员设计、制造、装配及调试双万向铰链机构时参考。     

Universal antisera for immunocytochemical identification of two different gonadotrophs in acanthopterygian fishes

Pituitaries of various teleosts belonging to 25 orders were immunostained with antisera raised against synthetic fragment peptides corresponding to conservative regions of gonadotropin subunits (mummichog FSH 50-60 and mummichog LH 91-106). Both immunoreactive FSH cells and immunoreactive LH cells were successfully identified in the fishes of almost every order of the superorder Acanthopterygii and several species of the superorders Paracanthopterygii and Polymixiomorpha, such as mullet, alfonsino, flyingfish, mackerel, flounder, cod, beardfish, etc. These antisera are therefore considered as universal antisera for immunocytochemical application to acanthopterygian fishes. Extensive diversity in the abundance of the FSH cells and the LH cells among species was noted even in fishes with similar gonadal stages, indicating the possibility that the respective roles of FSH and LH may vary considerably among species in advanced teleosts.Evident but generally weak immunoreactivities to anti-mummichog LH 91-106 were observed in the fishes of the superorder Cyclosquamata; and slight or weak immunoreactivities to the antiserum were observed in the fishes of several more primitive taxa (superorder Stenopterygii, Protacanthopterygii, Ostariophysi, subdivision Clupeomorpha, and subdivision Elopomorpha). No immunoreactivity to anti-mummichog FSH 50-60 was observed in these fishes. These results are consistent with the phylogenetic status of the fishes and the degree of conservativeness in the amino acid sequences of the antigen regions.     

Comparative analyses within Gyrodactylus (Platyhelminthes: Monogenea) mitochondrial genomes and conserved polymerase chain reaction primers for gyrodactylid mitochondrial DNA

In this study, we describe the complete mitochondrial genomes of Gyrodactylus brachymystacis and Gyrodactylus parvae infecting rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and the invasive topmouth gudgeon (Pseudorasbora parva), respectively. The two circular genomes have a common genome organization found in other Gyrodactylus species. Comparative analyses of mitochondrial genomes from six Gyrodactylus species were carried out to determine base composition, codon usage, transfer RNA and ribosomal RNA genes, major non‐coding regions, and nucleotide diversity within the genus. We also provide the first universal models of the secondary structures of rrnS and rrnL for this group thereby promoting utilization of these genetic markers. Universal primers provided herein can be used to obtain more mitochondrial information for pathogen identification and may reveal different levels of molecular phylogenetic inferences for this lineage.     

基于RUSLE的大通河流域土壤侵蚀估算研究

对大通河流域的土壤侵蚀进行估算和定量评价,以期为该流域的水土保持和生态环境保护工作提供科学合理的依据。基于修正的通用土壤流失方程(RUSLE),运用遥感和地理信息技术,对大通河流域土壤侵蚀状况进行估算,并探讨了不同土地利用类型和不同坡度下土壤侵蚀的差异性。结果表明,大通河流域土壤侵蚀总面积为12 683.66 km~2,占流域总面积的83.83%,年均侵蚀模数为6 274.76 t/km~2。侵蚀强度整体表现为微度侵蚀和轻度侵蚀。土壤侵蚀主要集中在草地,侵蚀面积占比高达55.50%,灌木林次之。在0~25°坡度范围内,侵蚀面积随着坡度的增大呈先增加后逐渐减少的趋势,但在25°时达到最大侵蚀面积。微度侵蚀主要发生在0~10°坡度范围内,中度以上侵蚀等级的侵蚀面积均在25°坡度范围时达到最大值。林草过牧滥伐、城镇无序扩张等不合理的人类活动是引起土壤侵蚀的主要原因,适度控制人类活动、提高植被覆盖率,是流域内今后土壤侵蚀治理及水土流失防治的重点。     

广西岩溶地区土壤侵蚀变化遥感监测——以“珠治”工程广西项目区河池片区为例

采用RS、GIS技术,以通用土壤流失方程为基础,对"珠治"工程广西项目区河池片区进行了土壤侵蚀遥感监测,定量研究了治理措施实施后岩溶地区的土壤侵蚀变化规律。结果表明:治理后土壤侵蚀得到了遏制,土壤侵蚀总量从治理前的311 848 t减少到治理后的284 877 t,减少了8.65%,其中剧烈侵蚀的侵蚀量和侵蚀面积减少最为明显;土地利用方式对土壤侵蚀影响明显,其中未利用地、耕地的土壤侵蚀最为严重,林地、草地对土壤侵蚀的发生具有减弱作用。     

细菌通用引物在奶牛乳房炎病原菌检测中的作用研究

为了建立PCR直接检测奶牛乳房炎致病菌的方法,探索通用引物在奶牛乳房炎致病菌检测中的应用价值。利用16S rRNA基因的高度保守性,设计并合成细菌的通用引物,采用合成的引物扩增标准菌株及患有奶牛乳房炎的奶样。结果表明,通用引物扩增7 种标准菌株,370 bp处均可得到清晰的电泳条带;通用引物PCR 可检出250 ng/L的金黄色葡萄球菌标准菌株DNA;对患有奶牛乳房炎的奶样进行扩增,370 bp处也得到了清晰的电泳条带。建立在16S rRNA基础上的通用引物在奶牛乳房炎的检测中,初步显示具有特异、快速等优点,为进一步判断细菌的种类奠定了基础。