硫肥对油菜生长的影响研究进展

油菜是一种主要油料作物。目前土壤缺硫和潜在缺硫已经成为影响油菜生长及产量提高的限制因素,而产量潜力高的杂交油菜生长需要较多的硫肥,因此有效地施用硫肥在提高油菜产量方面有重要作用。不同形式硫肥在土壤中通过土壤微生物介导在相关酶作用下转化为硫酸根离子,硫素被油菜根系吸收的主要形态是土壤溶液中硫酸根离子形式。油菜的生长和产量与硫肥的施用量、土壤环境、施用时间及方式等因素相关。     

Sulfur affects root growth and improves nitrogen recovery and internal efficiency in wheat

Wheat plants were cultivated in pots with the objective of evaluating the effect of two sulfur (S) rates (+S and ?S) on (i) shoot growth, S and nitrogen (N) uptake and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and (ii) root growth and architecture and its relations with S and N uptake. Plant samplings were at Z39, Z51 and Z92 stages. Shoot mass and NUE were greater in +S treatment at the three stages. ?S treatment increased root growth at Z39 (14% more length and 16% more tips) in comparison with +S, but the opposite occurred at Z51 (31% less area and 42% less mass). S uptake per unit root mass, area and length were greater in +S treatment at Z39 and Z51. A similar pattern was determined for nitrogen uptake (Nu) at Z39, but the opposite occurred at Z51. This indicates that Nu is mainly controlled by shoot growth and not by root growth.     

风干预处理对堆肥腐熟度及臭气排放量的影响

该研究以风干猪粪堆肥为处理,以新鲜猪粪堆肥为对照,在秸秆调理相同C/N基础上,对两个处理腐熟度和臭气排放进行比较分析。从温度、p H值、电导率和发芽率来看,利用新鲜猪粪和风干猪粪堆肥所得的产品均能达到腐熟和无害化标准;在硫化氢、羰基硫、二硫化碳、甲硫醚、乙硫醚、二甲二硫、甲硫醇和乙硫醇几种含硫臭气中,甲硫醚和二甲二硫占96%以上;风干猪粪堆肥比新鲜猪粪堆肥少排放71.09%的氨气,66.11%的甲硫醚和9.66%的二甲二硫。在不考虑风干环节存在的问题条件下,与新鲜猪粪堆肥相比,风干猪粪堆肥堆肥时间短,在堆肥品质提高的基础上,堆肥产品产量增加60%。通过降低水分和体积风干猪粪运输成本降低1/3,且对环境影响小,是远距离资源化处理畜禽粪便的较好途径。     

中量元素肥对玉米生理指标和产量性状的影响

以丹玉39和沈玉17为供试品种,通过田间试验,研究了S肥和Mg肥不同的施用量对玉米生理指标和产量性状的影响,初步探讨合适的硫肥和镁肥施用量.结果表明,合理的施用S肥和Mg肥对玉米杂交种的叶面积指数、叶绿素含量等生理指标及穗长、穗粒数等产量性状的影响较大,一般以每公顷30 kg左右S肥、115 kg左右Mg肥比较合适,对玉米杂交种的增产会有显着的促进作用.     

基于FLUENT的高含硫天然气管道泄漏扩散模拟

利用CFD软件FLUENT首次对高含硫天然气管道破裂泄漏扩散规律进行了数值模拟,得到了甲烷、硫化氢在一定风速、地形条件影响下的扩散规律,以及甲烷和硫化氢的浓度分布规律,为有效预测高含硫天然气泄漏扩散的影响范围提供了依据。研究结果对于认识高含硫天然气泄漏扩散规律以及相关安全事故的预警和救援具有指导意义。     

玉米硫素营养状况及应用研究进展

随着全球气候的变暖和土壤缺硫现象的加剧,进一步加强玉米硫素营养的研究十分必要。综述了玉米硫素营养状况以及硫对玉米产量及品质的影响、硫素在玉米生理代谢中的作用、硫与玉米的抗逆性等方面的研究进展,提出了下一步的研究重点和方向。     

氮肥与硫肥施用对相同HMW-GS组分春小麦产量与品质的影响

黑龙江是中国重要的强筋春小麦产区,虽然培育出了多个优质强筋麦品种,但是如何通过合理的施肥技术等保证小麦品质已成为黑龙江小麦生产的重要问题。为此,笔者在相同HMW-GS背景下研究了氮肥与硫肥施用对小麦产量与品质的影响。试验分设4个施肥处理（未施肥、单施纯硫50kg／hm^2、单施纯氮150kg／hm^2、纯硫50kg／hm^2＋纯氮150kg／hm^2）。结果表明：不同小麦品种（系）在不同的施肥处理下,小麦的千粒重、容重和产量都发生了显著变化,单施硫肥、氮肥以及二者混合施用提高了小麦的籽粒产量,尤以硫肥与氮肥混合处理的效果最好。氮肥与硫肥的不同处理对小麦籽粒的蛋白质、湿面筋含量以及沉降值都有明显影响。施硫肥、氮肥以及2种肥料混施提高了上述品质指标。综合研究表明,在3种处理方式上。氮肥与硫肥混合施用对产量和品质指标的影响最大。因此,生产上在提高氮肥用量的同时,可通过增施硫肥,以达到小麦高产优质目的。     

绵阳市水稻青立病发病原因及防治技术研究

【目的】探讨绵阳市水稻青立病发病原因和防治措施。【方法】采取调查分析与田间试验的方法，比较不同除草剂处理水稻青立病发病情况，测定发病田块土壤和水稻植株重金属种类及含量，初步明确绵阳市水稻青立病发病原因；分析不同防治手段下水稻青立病发病情况，探索水稻青立病防治措施。【结果】施用除草剂不会引起水稻青立病发生，但过量施用会显著降低稻谷产量。与不发病田块相比，发病田块 0~50 cm 土层重金属砷含量增加 2.3~5.6 mg/kg；与不发病植株相比，发病水稻植株总砷含量增加 0.03~0.20 mg/kg；与对照相比，在小麦季随整地施用硫磺并在水稻季随整地施用石灰可降低水稻青立病发病率 20.74%；与种植籼稻品种相比，在水稻青立病易发病田块种植粳稻品种可使发病率显著降低。【结论】绵阳市水稻青立病发生原因为土壤重金属砷、镉和铜含量偏高。苄乙、吡嘧磺隆、二氯喹啉酸和五氟磺草胺 4 种除草剂施用不是水稻青立病的发病原因。在麦稻轮作和秸秆全量还田条件下，在小麦季随整地施用硫磺并在水稻季随整地施用石灰对水稻青立病防治效果显著。     

SO_2排放对葫芦岛地区土壤的影响

在葫芦岛地区 ,由于锌厂常年 (尤其是近期 )排放SO2 已使该区土壤性质受到了严重的影响 .测定结果 :土壤表层 ( 0～ 2 0cm)有效S提高 1～ 5倍 ,全S含量提高 2 1 .38%～ 87.86% ,在严重影响区 pH值已下降至 5 .0 5～ 5 .0 3.锌厂排放的SO2 所形成的酸雨危害不可忽视     

Aggregate associated carbon, nitrogen and sulfur and their ratios in long-term fertilized soils

Farmyard manure (FYM) and fertilizer applications are important management practices used to improve nutrient status and organic matter in soils and thus to increase crop productivity and carbon (C) sequestration. However, the long-term effects of fertilization on C, nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) associated with aggregates, especially on S are not fully understood. We investigated the effects of more than 80 years of FYM (medium level of 40 Mg ka⁻¹ and high level of 60 Mg ka⁻¹) and mineral fertilizer (NPKS and NK) on the concentrations and pools of C, N, and S and on their ratios in bulk soil, dry aggregates and water stable aggregates on an Aquic Eutrocryepts soil in South-eastern Norway. A high level of FYM and NPKS application increased the proportion of small dry aggregates (<0.6 mm) by 8%, compared with the control (without fertilizer). However, both medium and high level of FYM application increased the proportion of large water stable aggregates (>2 mm) compared with mineral fertilizer (NPKS and NK). The total C and N pools in bulk soils were also increased in FYM treatments but no such increase was seen with mineral fertilizer treatments. The increased total S pool was only found under high level of FYM application. Water stable macroaggregates (>2 and 1–2 mm) and microaggregates (<0.106 mm) contained higher concentrations of C, N and S than the other aggregate sizes, but due to their abundance, medium size water stable aggregates (0.5–1 mm) contained higher total pools of all three elements. High level of FYM application increased the C concentration in water stable aggregates >2, 0.5–1 and <0.106 mm, and increased the S concentration in most aggregates as compared with unfertilized soils. Higher C/N, C/S and N/S ratios were found both in large dry aggregates (>20 and 6–20 mm) and in the smallest aggregates (<0.6 mm) than in other aggregate sizes. In water stable aggregates, the C/N ratio generally increased with decreasing aggregate size. However, macroaggregates (>2 mm) showed higher N/S ratios than microaggregates (<0.106 mm). We can thus conclude, that long-term application of high amounts of FYM resulted in C, N and S accumulation in bulk soil, and C and S accumulation in most aggregates, but that the accumulation pattern was dependent on aggregate size and the element (C, N and S) considered.