Dietary sour lemon (Citrus limon) peel essential oil supplementation for reduction of deltamethrin‐induced stress in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the dietary effects of using essential oil from sour lemon peel (Citrus limon) on growth performance, carcass composition, blood and serum parameters, and liver enzymes of juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to deltamethrin (DMN) pesticide. Treatments with no lemon peel essential oil (LPEO) and without DMN (control), as well as four treatments with 10% of 96‐h lethal concentration of DMN were prepared with dietary supplementation of LPEO (zero, 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg). Trout juveniles (95.12 ± 0.53 g) were randomly allocated to the treatments (each with three replicates). The results showed that dietary LPEO inclusion improved fish growth parameters in the DMN‐containing treatments. The highest fat content was found in zero LPEO treatment with no DMN while it was lowest in DMN treatments containing 400 and 600 mg/kg of LPEO. Carcass protein content was the highest in DMN treatment with 400 mg/kg of LPEO. Blood and serum biochemical parameters showed statistical differences between no LPEO treatment with DMN exposure and those detected in the control fish (p < .05). Overall, the results indicate that dietary inclusion of LPEO at 400 mg/kg level can decrease some negative effects of DMN exposure.     

化肥减量配施有机肥对柠檬树体生长、果实产量及品质的影响

探讨化肥减施和配施有机肥改善土壤质量,减少化肥使用量,提高柠檬产量和品质,为云南柠檬园土壤环境改良和柠檬化肥减施增效提供技术依据。以‘云柠1号’柠檬为试材,利用田间小区试验,设置4个不同施肥处理,即100%化肥（常规施肥）、70%化肥+有机肥15 kg/株、50%化肥+有机肥15 kg/株及不施化肥处理+有机肥15 kg/株。分别测定不同施肥处理的柠檬树体生长参数、花枝成花数、果实品质、产量和叶绿素含量。结果表明,与常规施肥相比,70%化肥+有机肥15 kg/株处理下柠檬的生长参数、果实产量和品质有显著差异,该处理显著加快了柠檬树体的生长,获得了更高的产量和果实品质。与常规施肥相比,植株株高增高6.37%,嫁接口上、下5 cm处直径分别增粗13.05%、9.61%;单果重和产量分别增加15.19%、28.60%;果实出汁率、Vc含量和总糖含量分别增加6.68%、27.85%、6.20%,综合考虑产量、果实品质等因素,70%化肥+有机肥15 kg/株处理对柠檬增产、提质、增效的效果最佳。     

Essential Oils and Antioxidants Derived From Citrus By-Products in Food Protection and Medicine: An Introduction and Review of Recent Literature

After a brief overview of the general production, market value, and uses of citrus by-products, this literature review will focus on the most highly refined “pharmaceutical grade” citrus oils and antioxidants that have been derived from peels or other fruit parts. Citrus oils have been used as a part of the perfume industry and in the practice of alternative medicine for a long time, but now there is a great deal of mainstream food processing and drug industry interest in them owing to the rediscovery or confirmation of some of their beneficial properties, as well their development for entirely new applications. Their roles as antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, and cancer chemopreventive or chemotherapeutic agents appear promising.     

威远县柠檬气候适宜性区划

本研究利用统计方法,根据精细化农业气候区划原则和方法,综合考虑地理环境、气候条件等因素,在GIS技术支持下,对威远县柠檬种植的气候适宜性进行评述。     

柠檬精油复合涂膜对椪柑采后品质的影响

为提高柑橘的保鲜效果,本试验以椪柑为材料,研究柠檬精油及其与壳聚糖、氯化钙和纳他霉素复配对果实采后贮藏品质的影响。结果表明,柠檬精油及其与壳聚糖、氯化钙和纳他霉素复配可以降低果实腐烂率和失重率,抑制果实呼吸速率,延缓果实可滴定酸(TA)和维生素C(Vc)的降解,更好地维持果实营养价值和感官品质;柠檬精油及其复合物可提高果实超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性,抑制果皮相对电导率的上升和果肉丙二醛(MDA)含量的积累。其中,1%柠檬精油+1%壳聚糖+1%氯化钙+300 mg·L^-1纳他霉素复配对椪柑保鲜效果最好,其果实Vc和TA含量最高,腐烂率、失重率、果皮相对电导率和果肉MDA含量最低,且在维持抗氧化酶(CAT、SOD和POD)活性方面的效果最优。本研究结果为柠檬精油及其复配物作为防腐剂保鲜果蔬提供了理论支撑。     

Effects of high-humidity storage on quality,decay and storage life of cherry,lemon and peach fruits

Sweet cherries (Prunus avium (L.) ‘Lambert’ and ‘Blackboy’), lemons (Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f. ‘Lisbon’) and peaches (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch, ‘Summerset’) were stored at 77–83, 90–94 and 95–99% RH (high humidity) at near-optimal storage temperatures after harvest and treatment with fungicides. High-humidity storage did not increase the storage life of peaches held at 0°C, but the life expectancy of cherries (both cultivars) was extended by 7–10 days at 0°C, and of lemons by at least 4 weeks at 10°C when fruit were stored at 95–99% RH compared with levels below 95%. The beneficial effects of high humidity were attributed to retardation of peel desiccation and associated reductions in fruit deformation, peel de-greening, chilling-injury and decay in lemons and to the maintenance of a fresher stalk and a firmer, less shrivelled fruit in cherries. High humidity had no effect on decay in cherries or peaches, but it significantly reduced weight loss and delayed the appearance of shrivel in peaches stored at 0°C. However, after storage at high humidity for 4 weeks, peaches ripened with low rates of C₂H₄ evolution and showed severe low-temperature injury, slight peeling-injury and a poor flavour ex-store.     

进境柠檬样品上柑桔溃疡病菌的检测

从进境柠檬样品上分离到一株疑似柑桔溃疡病菌的分离物X206,对分离物进行了菌落形态学特征观察、16S r RNA序列测定、PCR检测、Biolog测定及致病性测试。试验结果表明分离物X206在NA培养基上形成黄色,有光泽,圆形,全缘,微隆起,粘稠状的菌落。特异引物Xac01/Xac02扩增分离物X206的DNA得到582bp的预期产物,产物序列与柑桔溃疡病菌序列的相似性为100%。其16S r RNA序列与柑桔溃疡病菌的序列完全一致。Biolog测定将分离物X206和柑桔溃疡病菌阳性菌株FZ01均鉴定为Xanthomonas campestris pv.dieffenbachiae。致病性测试显示分离物X206能导致柑桔叶片产生明显的溃疡病斑。根据试验结果将分离物X206鉴定为柑桔溃疡病菌(Xanthomonas axonopodis pv.citri)。     

德宏州柠檬园节肢动物种类调查

[目的]明确德宏州柠檬产区柠檬园节肢动物种类及组成,为柠檬害虫综合防治提供科学依据.[方法]于2006年6月~2009年7月的春、夏、秋、冬四季采用肉眼观察法和网捕法,对德宏州柠檬产区19个柠檬园节肢动物种类进行调查.[结果]德宏州柠檬园中的节肢动物种类共计2纲11目50科92种,其中害虫共有2纲8目30科57种,天敌2纲6目16科29种,中性昆虫2纲2目6科6种.害虫类群以同翅目科、种所占比例最大,分别为30.00%和35.09%;天敌类群中以膜翅目的科和种所占比例最大,分别为43.75%和34.48%;中性类群主要属双翅目和蜚蠊目,其中双翅目的科和种所占比例最大,均高达83.33%.[结论]德宏州柠檬园节肢动物种类较多,以害虫的物种数和所占比例最大,天敌种类也较多,但数量较少,天敌还不能对害虫形成有效的控制,因此对柠檬园害虫防治仍以化学防治为主.     

Tick repellents: Past, present, and future

Ticks are important vectors of human and animal diseases. One important protective measure against ticks is the use of personal arthropod repellents. Deet and the synthetic pyrethroid permethrin currently serve as the primary personal protective measures against ticks. Concern over the safety of deet and its low repellency against some tick species has led to a search for new user-approved, efficacious tick repellents. In this article, we review the history and efficacy of tick repellents, discovery of new repellents, and areas in need of attention such as assay methodology, repellent formulation, and the lack of information about the physiology of repellency.     

柠檬优质高产规范化栽培技术探讨

根据生产实践经验,对柠檬优质高产栽培技术进行了总结和某些探讨。