红树莓花青素的微波辅助提取研究

目的：红树莓花青素的微波辅助提取及其体外清除自由基能力。方法：花青素提取工艺采用中心试验设计响应面试验设计,抗氧化能力测定通过了清除羟自由基、ABTS和DPPH进行评判。结果：红树莓花青素的最佳提取工艺为：微波强度600W,微波时间40S,液料比60︰1,酸化乙醇浓度的体积比为20:80,浸泡时间10min。在此条件下树莓花青素的预测含量为0.055mg/g,实际测得花青素的含量为0.054mg/g。     

Effects of Cooking on Anthocyanin Concentration and Bioactive Antioxidant Capacity in Glutinous and Non-Glutinous Purple Rice

Purple rice is a source of bioactive antioxidants for rice consumers. Loss of the major antioxidant compounds after a range of cooking processes was evaluated by measuring the changes in anthocyanin concentration (ATC) and antioxidant capacity (DPPH activity) of four non-glutinous and four glutinous genotypes. However, soaking in water prior to cooking generally decreased more ATC and antioxidant capacity in non-glutinous than in glutinous genotypes. Wet cooking (WC) and soaking before wet cooking (S-WC) led to lose almost all the ATC and antioxidant capacity with only slight variation between genotypes. In the glutinous genotype Pieisu, which had the highest raw rice ATC, ATC remained the highest when cooked by the WC method. By contrast, almost no ATC remained after WC and S-WC in the low ATC genotypes such as Kum Doi Saket. Overall, the loss of ATC was greater in non-glutinous than in glutinous genotypes for both WC and S-WC methods, but the reverse occurred for antioxidant capacity. WC using electric rice cooker retained higher ATC than the pressure cooking. Thus, for genotypes with high ATC and antioxidant capacity, the selection of cooking method is critical for retaining and stabilizing rice quality.     

不同因素对赤霞珠果实理化性质及果皮花色苷含量的影响

【目的】探究不同因素对葡萄果实理化性质及果皮中花色苷含量的影响,为改善葡萄原料品质及酿酒工艺中花色苷的浸提提供理论依据。【方法】以酿酒葡萄赤霞珠果实为原料,以未处理葡萄果粒为对照,测定温度(20,30,40℃)、pH(2.2,3.0,4.0,5.0,6.0,7.0,8.0)及脱水处理(用质量分数5%的食盐溶液分别脱水0.5,1,1.5,2,3,4,6,9,12h)对果实可溶性固形物、总酸和pH等理化性质指标及果皮花色苷(可浸提花色苷、不可浸提花色苷、总花色苷)含量的影响。【结果】(1)与对照相比,20~30℃处理48h可使葡萄果实的可溶性固形物含量增加4.12~6.52°Brix,总酸质量浓度下降0.81~1.86g/L,pH升高0.22~0.68;20~30℃处理36h果皮中的花色苷含量均较高。(2)脱水处理12h可使葡萄果实的可溶性固形物含量比对照提高14.5%,总酸质量浓度比对照提高2.76%,pH比对照降低3.64%;但果皮中可浸提花色苷含量较对照降低7.4%,不可浸提花色苷含量较对照降低2.45%,总花色苷含量较对照降低8.47%。(3)随着缓冲液pH的升高,果实可溶性固形物含量先上升后降低;不同pH处理对果实pH及总酸质量浓度影响总体较小。用pH为2.2~4.0溶液处理后,果皮可浸提花色苷和总花色苷含量均高于对照,不可浸提花色苷含量基本保持不变;用pH 5.0~8.0溶液处理后,果皮总花色苷、可浸提花色苷和不可浸提花色苷含量均呈下降趋势。【结论】20~30℃处理36h可以改善葡萄果实理化性质及提高果皮中的花色苷浸提量;脱水处理能改善果实理化性质;适当酸性溶液处理葡萄,有利于可浸提花色苷的提取。     

酰基化对花色苷呈色及抗氧化性影响

以紫甘蓝、茄皮为原料,分别提取矢车菊素及飞燕草素衍生物,进行脱酰基反应。对脱酰基前后花色苷的结构、颜色、紫外-可见光谱及抗氧化性进行分析。结果表明,矢车菊素衍生物以cyanidin-3-diglucoside-5-glucoside为母核,带有1个或2个酰基化的基团,形成酰基化的酸有咖啡酸、香豆酸、阿魏酸和芥子酸;飞燕草素衍生物以delphinidin-3-rutinose-5-glucoside为母核,带有1个香豆酰基。酰基的存在会降低花色苷的明暗度。酰基化飞燕草素衍生物色度角为(15.99±0.24)°,脱酰基后色度角为(42.43±0.49)°,酰基化矢车菊素衍生物色度角为(334.32±0.04)°,脱酰基后色度角为(13.94±0.13)°。带酰基的花色苷在330nm左右有吸收峰,为B环上酰基基团引发。飞燕草素衍生物比矢车菊素衍生物的氧自由基清除能力、Fe~(3+)还原能力以及1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH)自由基清除能力强。酰基的存在提高了飞燕草素衍生物的氧自由基清除能力、Fe~(3+)还原能力、DPPH自由基清除能力和矢车菊素衍生物的Fe~(3+)还原能力及DPPH自由基清除能力,但是降低了矢车菊素衍生物的氧自由基清除能力。     

槭树叶呈色机理研究进展

槭树绚丽多姿、观赏价值高、生态适应性强,可用作庭院树、行道树或景观林树种,在美化城市中发挥着重要作用。文中综述和探讨了槭树叶呈色的生理机理、生态影响因子、花青苷及其合成相关酶在分子生物学方面的研究进展,提出了槭属彩叶植物今后的研究方向,以期为槭树秋色叶变色机理深入研究、叶色改良、新品种育种及其栽培技术提高和园林应用提供参考。     

紫色不结球白菜花色苷合酶基因BrcANS的克隆与表达分析

以不结球白菜紫色品系NJZX1-3和其绿色突变体NJZX1-0及其后代F₂的2个株系NJZX2-1和NJZX2-2为材料,研究花色苷合酶基因在紫色不结球白菜叶片花色苷合成途径中的作用。利用同源克隆的方法,分别在NJZX1-3及NJZX1-0中克隆到花色苷合酶基因;经序列比对发现,花色苷合酶基因的核苷酸和氨基酸序列在2种材料和大白菜中完全一致,长度为1077 bp,编码358个残基,第211~307肽段具有2OG-Fe (II)双加氧酶家族基因的结构域,被命名为BrcANS。BrcANS蛋白与同科芥菜的同源性高达99%,进化关系亦与其最相近。在全部4种材料鲜叶中,总花色苷的含量(TAC)与叶片紫色程度是一致的,其中,NJZX1-3叶片中总花色苷含量最高,达到80.15±5.74 mg 100 g^–1 FW;BrcANS表达量为NJZX1-0 < NJZX2-1 < NJZX2-2< NJZX1-3,与其总花色苷含量呈正相关。BrcANS的mRNA在NJZX1-3和NJZX1-0两种材料的不同组织中特异性表达：在叶片中高度表达,而在其他组织中表达较弱;另外,在两种材料间的表达亦存在显著差异,在NJZX1-3叶片中的表达丰度显著高于NJZX1-0。随着叶龄的增大,紫色不接球白菜叶片紫色变浅,BrcANS的表达量下降,但在NJZX1-3和NJZX1-0间的表达差异亦明显减小。以上结果表明,BrcANS基因是紫色不结球白菜中花色苷合成的关键基因之一,其mRNA表达量与叶片紫色直接相关,可能在其转录水平上调控叶片中紫色的形成。     

栽培因子调控马铃薯、甘薯等作物花青素合成研究进展

紫色马铃薯、紫色甘薯等紫色作物富含天然抗氧化活性物质——花青素而受到消费者的青睐。为推动紫色马铃薯、紫色甘薯的进一步发展,本研究收集了部分有关马铃薯、甘薯等作物花青素合成和积累的研究报道和数据,对施肥（氮肥、磷肥、钾肥、硒肥、有机肥、复合肥）、种植技术（密度、收获期、覆盖方式、遮荫、海拔高度）、外源物质（糖类、激素类、生根粉）等栽培因子调控马铃薯、甘薯等作物地下部块茎、块根中花青素合成进行了分析,并探讨了其研究方向,为紫色马铃薯、紫色甘薯花青色合成的深入研究提供借鉴。     

乙烯和葡萄糖处理对‘洛阳红’牡丹切花花色和花青素苷合成的影响

以‘洛阳红’牡丹（Paeonia suffruticosa‘Luoyanghong’）切花为试材,研究10 μL ? L-1乙烯处理、1 μL ? L-1乙烯抑制剂1-MCP处理、90 g ? L-1葡萄糖处理、90 g ? L-1葡萄糖 + 10 μL ? L-1乙烯复合处理对切花花色和花青素苷含量的影响,以蒸馏水处理为对照。研究结果表明：乙烯处理的切花花色明度增加,红度和彩度下降,花瓣花青素苷含量下降;1-MCP处理与对照无显著差异;葡萄糖处理花色明度下降,红度和彩度增加,花瓣花青素苷含量增加;葡萄糖乙烯复合处理对切花花色及花青素苷积累也有明显改善与促进作用。对花青素苷合成相关基因表达量分析的结果表明,乙烯处理对基因表达有抑制作用,而葡萄糖处理有显著的正调控作用,葡萄糖乙烯复合处理则显著缓解了单独乙烯处理对基因表达的负调控作用。葡萄糖信号和乙烯信号之间一定程度上存在互作,葡萄糖缓解了乙烯对牡丹切花花青素苷合成的抑制作用。     

紫皮大蒜鳞茎外皮花青苷生物合成影响因素和相关酶的研究

 以紫皮大蒜品种‘G075’为试材,研究了鳞茎发育过程中鳞茎外皮花青苷的积累规律及与其生物合成相关的苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）、查儿酮异构酶（CHI）和二氢黄酮醇还原酶（DFR）活性的关系,分析了不同设施栽培方式、基质pH值、基质氮素水平和磷素水平对花青苷生物合成的影响。研究结果表明：随着大蒜鳞茎的发育,鳞茎外皮花青苷含量逐步提高,CHI活性与鳞茎外皮花青苷积累关系密切,其活性变化与花青苷积累趋势吻合;露地栽培温度相对较低的紫皮大蒜花青苷积累高于保护地温度相对较高的栽培大蒜,基质pH 6.5和1/2氮素水平（7.5 mmol · L^-1）时对花青苷合成有利,花青苷积累随磷素水平提高呈现先升后降的变化趋势。     

Quantitative trait loci mapping of seed colour,hairy leaf,seedling anthocyanin,leaf chlorosis and days to flowering in F2 population of Brassica rapa L.

A diversity arrays technology (DArT) map was constructed to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting seed colour, hairy leaf, seedling anthocyanin, leaf chlorosis and days to flowering in Brassica rapa using a F₂ population from a cross between two parents with contrasting traits. Two genes with dominant epistatic interaction were responsible for seed colour. One major dominant gene controls the hairy leaf trait. Seedling anthocyanin was controlled by a major single dominant gene. The parents did not exhibit leaf chlorosis; however, 32% F₂ plants showed leaf chlorosis in the population. A distorted segregation was observed for days to flowering in the F₂ population. A linkage map was constructed with 376 DArT markers distributed over 12 linkage groups covering 579.7 cM. The DArT markers were assigned on different chromosomes of B. rapa using B. rapa genome sequences and DArT consensus map of B. napus. Two QTL (RSC1‐2 and RSC12‐56) located on chromosome A8 and chromosome A9 were identified for seed colour, which explained 19.4% and 18.2% of the phenotypic variation, respectively. The seed colour marker located in the ortholog to Arabidopsis thaliana Transparent Testa2 (AtTT2). Two QTL RLH6‐0 and RLH9‐16 were identified for hairy leaf, which explained 31.6% and 20.7% phenotypic variation, respectively. A single QTL (RSAn‐12‐157) on chromosome A7, which explained 12.8% of phenotypic variation was detected for seedling anthocyanin. The seedling anthocyanin marker is found within the A. thaliana Transparent Testa12 (AtTT12) ortholog. A QTL (RLC6‐04) for leaf chlorosis was identified, which explained 55.3% of phenotypic variation. QTL for hairy leaf and leaf chlorosis were located 0–4 cM apart on the same chromosome A1. A single QTL (RDF‐10‐0) for days to flowering was identified, which explained 21.4% phenotypic variation.