杂交中稻齐穗后叶片SPAD值衰减对再生力的影响

 【目的】探明影响再生力的主作关键植株性状,为杂交水稻及其再生稻的高产育种与栽培提供参考。【方法】以18个杂交中稻品种为材料,在大田高产栽培条件下,通过相关、回归与通径分析,研究了杂交中稻植株性状与再生力关系及主作和再生总体高产组合的穗粒结构。【结果】活芽率、发苗力、再生稻有效穗和产量4个性状是代表品种再生力的关键因子,增加有效穗是进一步提高再生稻产量的重要途径;穗粒数、叶颖花比、叶粒数比、叶粒重比、LAI衰减指数和SPAD值衰减指数分别与活芽率、发苗力、再生稻有效穗和产量呈显著或极显著相关,其中仅有头季稻齐穗期至成熟期叶片SPAD值衰减指数对活芽率、发苗力、再生稻有效穗和产量的偏相关均达显著以上水平;同一个组合同时实现头季稻和再生稻均分别达到最高产量的可能性小,两季总产同时满足理论产量达11.5 t?hm-2和产量潜力达14 t?hm-2的高产组合的主作群体主要特征最佳取值范围：穗粒数为160～190粒,叶粒重比0.0737～0.0827 cm2?mg-1、SPAD值衰减指数0.4029～0.5409、有效穗232.12万～249.40万/hm2、结实率81.54%～85.74%、千粒重28.58～30.07 g、单穗重4.13～4.43 g。【结论】再生稻进一步高产的主攻目标是增加有效穗,头季稻齐穗到成熟叶片SPAD值衰减指数可作为鉴定再生力的新指标,中等偏大穗品种是中稻-再生稻总体高产的重要特征。     

应用叶绿素仪SPAD-502进行马铃薯氮素营养诊断的可行性

SPAD-502是用于快速测定叶绿素相对含量的一种便携式仪器。被尝试用于进行作物氮素营养诊断,其具有快速、简便、适时、无损的特点。目前在禾谷类作物上已有很多研究成果并已开始用于指导施肥实践,在马铃薯上前人也井始了一些探索性的研究。马铃薯植株叶片形态虽具有一定的特殊性。即叶片为复叶,不能照擞禾本科作物上的研究成果,但综合分析SPAD-502的特点以及禾扭件作物氮素营养诊断的研究成果可以推断,通过系统研究,完全可以建立一掀有效的马铃薯氮素营养SPAD-502诊断指标体系。在指标体系的建立过程中,需确立适合的诊断叶位并提出有效的方法消除氮素之外其他因素对SPAD读数的影响。     

基于SPAD值的木薯叶绿素含量预测模型

为了探讨木薯叶绿素含量的非破坏性快速测定方法,在测量叶片SPAD值、比叶面积和叶绿素含量的基础上构建通过SPAD值预测总叶绿素含量的数学模型。结果表明,叶绿素a对于SPAD值的贡献率大于叶绿素b;比叶面积和叶位显著影响SPAD值与总叶绿素含量的关系,在SPAD值预测总叶绿素含量的模型中导入比叶面积和叶位2个自变量可提高预测总叶绿素含量的精度;基于SPAD值、比叶面积、叶位预测总叶绿素含量的模型为C=-4.51+0.092 5 Spv+0.039 9 Sa+0.145 0（Lp）。     

高温胁迫对水稻拔节期净光合速率·SPAD·叶绿素荧光动力学的影响

[目的]研究高温胁迫对水稻（Oryza satva L.）拔节期净光合速率、相对叶绿素含量（SPAD）和叶绿素荧光动力学参数的影响。[方法]供试水稻品种为江苏省镇江市常用品种镇稻6号。温度具体设定（一天按24 h计）如下：10：00为36℃,11：00为38℃,12：00为39℃1,3：00为40℃1,4：00为38℃,15：00为35℃。[结果]与对照组相比,高温胁迫下水稻的净光合速率、相对叶绿素含量和叶绿素荧光主要参数（Fm和Fv/Fm）均明显降低,并且随着胁迫温度的升高及胁迫时间的延长,下降幅度也逐步增大。[结论]高温显著降低了PSⅡ的Fv/Fm和Fm,说明高温抑制了光合碳代谢的电子供应,这与水稻叶片的净光合速率以及相对叶绿素含量指标变化情况相一致。     

Improving in-season nitrogen recommendations for maize using an active sensor

An active crop canopy reflectance sensor could be used to increase N-use efficiency in maize (Zea mays L.), if temporal and spatial variability in soil N availability and plant demand are adequately accounted for with an in-season N application. Our objective was to evaluate the success of using an active canopy sensor for developing maize N recommendations. This study was conducted in 21 farmers’ fields from 2007 to 2009, representing the maize production regions of east central and southeastern Pennsylvania, USA. Four blocks at each site included seven sidedress N rates (0–280 kg N ha⁻¹) and one at-planting N rate of 280 kg N ha⁻¹. Canopy reflectance in the 590 nm and 880 nm wavelengths, soil samples, chlorophyll meter (SPAD) measurements and above-ground biomass were collected at the 6th–7th-leaf growth stage (V6–V7). Relative amber normalized difference vegetative index (ANDVI_relative) and relative SPAD (SPAD_relative) were determined based on the relative measurements from the zero sidedress treatment to the 280 kg N ha⁻¹ at-planting treatment. Observations from the current study were compared to relationships between economic optimum N rate (EONR) and ANDVI_relative, presidedress NO₃ test (PSNT), or SPAD_relative that were developed from a previous study. These comparisons were based on an absolute mean difference (AMD) between observed EONR and the previously determined predicted relationships. The AMD for the relationship between EONR and ANDVI_relative in the current study was 46 kg N ha⁻¹. Neither the PSNT (AMD = 66 kg N ha⁻¹) nor the SPAD_relative (AMD = 72 kg N ha⁻¹) provided as good an indicator of EONR. When using all the observations from the two studies for the relationships between EONR and the various measurements, ANDVI_relative (R² = 0.65) provided a better estimate of EONR than PSNT (R² = 0.49) or SPAD_relative (not significant). Crop reflectance captured similar information as the PSNT and SPAD_relative, as reflected in strong relationships (R² > 0.60) among these variables. Crop canopy reflectance using an active sensor (i.e. ANDVI_relative) provided as good or better an indicator of EONR than PSNT or SPAD_relative, and provides an opportunity to easily adjust in-season N applications spatially.     

棉花芽黄材料主要光合特性和农艺性状的研究

以v1、v2、v3、v4、v5v6、v8、v9、v10、v11、v13、v14、v15、v16v17、v18、v19、vg和彭泽芽黄等17份芽黄突变体材料及中棉所58突变体中58vsp为研究对象,测定了各材料不同时期不同叶位的SPAD值、叶绿素荧光参数最大光化学效率值(Fv/Fm)和光系统Ⅱ量子产量(φPSⅡ),同时对各芽黄突变体材料的主要农艺性状和纤维品质性状进行了调查和研究。结果表明,芽黄材料作为一种叶色突变体,其叶片相对叶绿素含量在不同时期、不同叶位的差异较大,各芽黄材料均以倒5叶或倒4叶的SPAD值最高,刚展平的倒2叶的SPAD值最小,其中中58vsp的倒2叶SPAD值最低;随着植株的发育,所有芽黄材料在7月5日、15日其倒4、倒5叶的SPAD值达到最大。与光合作用密切相关的最大光化学效率值(Fv/Fm)和PSⅡ量子产量(φPSⅡ)在各芽黄突变体材料之间差异也较大,其中v2最高,v3、v19最低。另外还发现各芽黄突变体材料的主要农艺性状和纤维品质性状存在较大的差异。本文对于不同芽黄突变体材料特性的初步研究,将为更好地将芽黄突变体用于棉花遗传育种和分子生物学研究打下了理论基础。     

甜菜不同基因型品种光合特性比较

发展甜菜生产进一步提高其产量和含糖率,对发展工农业生产、增加农民收益有重要的意义。以丰产型和高糖型甜菜品种为材料,研究比较不同基因型品种光合特性及其与产质量形成的关系。结果表明：不同基因型甜菜在各生育期叶片SPAD值、光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO₂浓度和蒸腾速率的动态变化趋势不同,且存在显著差异。苗期丰产品种的胞间CO₂浓度低于高糖品种。叶丛快速生长期丰产品种气孔导度低于高糖品种。块根及糖分增长期丰产品种光合速率高于高糖品种。糖分积累期丰产品种叶片SPAD值低于高糖品种,胞间CO₂浓度高于高糖品种。叶丛快速生长期、糖分积累期丰产品种蒸腾速率低于高糖品种。     

Relationships of spectral traits with yield and nutritional quality of snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in dry seasons

Four snap bean varieties (green and yellow-podded) were grown in three water supplies (regularly irrigated, deficit-irrigated and non-irrigated) in order to examine the spectral reflectance at leaf and canopy levels, leaf area index (LAI) and their relationships with the yield and nutritional quality at the University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary from 2011 to 2013. Under non-irrigated condition, the plant height decreased, SPAD values were high but LAI and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) were low. The difference in SPAD values was higher between the varieties during flowering under non-irrigated condition and it was more pronounced during pod development using deficit irrigation. In dry years, non-irrigated condition SPAD did not correlate with the yield but during pod development it was correlated with the dry matter content of the pods. The relationship of SPAD with protein and crude fiber content of pods was strongly dependent on the cropping years. Under deficit-irrigated condition, NDVI measured during flowering and pod development correlated closely with the yield where a higher NDVI (0.85) predicted either 6 or 9.5 t ha^?1 of yield depending on the variety. Under this condition Serengeti variety with green pods was prominent based on the studied traits among the varieties.     

二氧化钛喷施剂在不同光照强度下对离体烟叶SPAD值的影响

采用室内试验方法,将成熟期离体烤烟上部叶置于不同光照强度的人工气候箱中,在相同的温湿度下对烟叶喷施不同的试剂处理,使用SPAD-502仪对烟叶每个时间点的相对叶绿素含量进行测定.结果表明:在相同的光照强度下,0.45g/L的二氧化钛复合氧化石墨烯喷施处理在72h内能保持较高的相对叶绿素含量;而同一喷施处理下,光照强度的增加会加快烟叶中叶绿素的降解进程.     

不同种植方式对糜子干物质积累及产量的影响

为明确种植方式对糜子产量的影响,以抗旱高产糜子品种‘陕糜1号’为材料,常规等行距条播为对照(CK),研究等行距穴播(CX)、宽窄行条播(KT)和宽窄行穴播(KX)3种不同种植方式对糜子地上部干物质积累、顶三叶叶绿素含量及产量的影响。结果表明,糜子抽穗后,不同种植方式的地上部分干物质积累量均呈现先上升后随植株衰老下降的趋势;叶片、叶鞘和茎秆干物质积累呈单峰变化趋势,在抽穗后14d达到最大值;籽粒随着生育期推进呈"S"型增长趋势;顶三叶叶绿素相对含量(SPAD值)在抽穗14d后总体呈下降趋势。CX、KT和KX 3种种植方式的干物质积累量、顶三叶叶绿素含量均显著高于CK;KX、KT 2种种植方式下的产量显著高于CX、CK,但CX与CK的产量差异不明显。综合分析显示,因地制宜选择宽窄行种植方式是糜子增产增效的关键栽培措施。